Contribution of KWT Gardens to Plant Biodiversity and Carbon Stock in Bogor City

Environmental services are the services provided by the ecosystem functions that have direct and indirect benefits to human well being. The purpose of this study is to analyze environmental services changes in the District and City of Bogor on 1990 and 2014. The focus of the study is analyzing the environmental service of carbon stock, carbon sinks, biodiversity, the aesthetic of landscape, water regulation and climate amelioration. The data collection method began with data preprocessing then followed by a groundcheck at field to take sample point, after that followed by image classification that produce land cover. Land cover that has been classified then given the value of environmental services by changing the format of raster into a polygon. The average value of environmental services in District of Bogor on 1990 is 4,86 and in the city of Bogor is 4,56, while on 2014 the average value of environmental services in District of Bogor is 4,54 and in the City of Bogor is 3,72. Change of environmental services in the City of Bogor greater than in District of Bogor due to the magnitude of changes in land cover types of forest to other land cover especially for settlement. Beside that, it is also caused by differences of development policy between Bogor district and city of Bogor. The focus of development in the district is agricultural production sector and the city are trading and services sectors. Government of City and Distric of Bogor should do some efforts for maintaining and even improving environmental services by allocating space for land which dominated by trees and agroforestry system. Keywords: environmental services, environmental services score, environmental services change

Os sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) além de geração de renda e conservação da biodiversidade pode ser uma alternativa para a estocagem de carbono. O trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar três sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) e estimar os estoques de carbono na fitomassa aérea, na serapilheira e no solo. Os SAFs e suas respectivas vegetações nativas adjacentes foram caracterizados quanto ao número, classificação botânica,distribuição diamétrica e estratificação vertical dos indivíduos arbóreose. Em cada um dos sistemas, foram estimados os estoques de carbono na fitomassa aérea, na serapilheira e no solo. Os SAFs,implantados a partir do manejo da vegetação nativa, apresentaram uma biodiversidade vegetal e estoque de carbono na fitomassa, na serapilheira e no solo semelhantes à área de vegetação nativa adjacente. Por outro lado, os estoques de carbono no SAF implantado em área anteriormente cultivada com culturas anuais apresentou menor diversidade de espécies arbóreas e estoques de carbono na fitomassa, serapilheira e no solo, em relação à vegetação nativa adjacente. Sistemas agroflorestais bem manejados se assemelham à vegetação nativa em estoque de carbono e conservação da biodiversidade dos recursos naturais.

Agroforestry systems (AFS) and practices followed in India are highly diverse due to varied climatic conditions ranging from temperate to humid tropics. The estimated area under AFS in India is 13.75 million ha with the highest concentration being in the states of Uttar Pradesh (1.86 million ha), followed by Maharashtra (1.61 million ha), Rajasthan (1.55 million ha) and Andhra Pradesh (1.17 million ha). There are many forms of agroforestry practice in India ranging from intensified simple systems of monoculture, such as block plantations and boundary planting, to far more diverse and complex systems, such as home gardens. As a result, the biomass production and carbon sequestration potential of AFS are highly variable across different agro-climatic zones of India. Studies pertaining to the assessment of biomass and carbon storage in different agroforestry systems in the Indian sub-continent are scanty and most of these studies have reported region and system specific carbon stocks. However, while biomass and carbon stock data from different AFS at national scale has been scanty hitherto, such information is essential for national accounting, reporting of C sinks and sources, as well as for realizing the benefits of carbon credit to farmers engaged in tree-based production activities. Therefore, the objective of this study was to collate and synthesize the existing information on biomass carbon and SOC stocks associated with agroforestry practices across agro-climatic zones of India. The results revealed considerable variation in biomass and carbon stocks among AFS, as well as between different agro-climatic zones. Higher total biomass (>200 Mg ha−1) was observed in the humid tropics of India which are prevalent in southern and northeastern regions, while lower total biomass (<50 Mg ha−1) was reported from Indo-Gangetic, western and central India. Total biomass carbon varied in the range of 1.84 to 131 Mg ha−1 in the agrihorticulture systems of western and central India and the coffee agroforests of southern peninsular India. Similarly, soil organic carbon (SOC) ranged between 12.26–170.43 Mg ha−1, with the highest SOC in the coffee agroforests of southern India and the lowest in the agrisilviculture systems of western India. The AFS which recorded relatively higher SOC included plantation crop-based practices of southern, eastern and northeastern India, followed by the agrihorticulture and agrisilviculture systems of the northern Himalayas. The meta-analysis indicated that the growth and nature of different agroforestry tree species is the key factor affecting the carbon storage capacity of an agroforestry system. The baseline data obtained across various regions could be useful for devising policies on carbon trading or financing for agroforestry.

Research on plant biodiversity and carbon stock estimation are highlighted due to global issue on climate change. Therefore, this study was conducted to record plant diversity and estimate carbon stock in Kuningan Botanical Garden (KBG). Nested plots 20m × 20m were placed systematically with random start sampling to record tree species and to estimate carbon stock. Poles were recorded in subplots 10m × 10m; shrubs and sapling in subplots 5m × 5m; while seedling and herbaceous plants in subplots 2m × 2m. Data were analyzed to calculate Shannon Wiener diversity index and important value index (IVI). Destructive method was used to estimate soil carbon content, meanwhile tree carbon content was estimated by using allometric method. Biodiversity index in KBG is 2.8 with dominant trees were S. wallichii (IVI: 46.22%) and Gmelina arborea (IVI: 30.24%); S. wallichii (IVI: 65.87%) and Gnetum gnemon (IVI: 39.11%) in pole stage; Adenanthera Pavonina (IV: 41.56%) and G. gnemon (IV: 41.56%) in seedling stage. Dominant shrubs were Mimosa invisa (IVI: 59.42%) and Mimosa pudica (IVI: 42.90%); Centrocema pubescens (IVI: 26.52%) and Paspalum cartilagineum (IVI: 25.91%) as dominant herb in KGB. Plant composition in this area depicted human activity (plantation) changed natural forest composition. Carbon stock in tree stands is 25.45 tonC/ha (11.06%); understorey is 11.29 tonC/ha (4.9%); litter is 6.32 tonC / ha (2.75 %); necromass is 0.17 tonC/ha (0.07%); and soil organic carbon is 186.85 tonC/ha (81.21%). Therefore, we can estimate that total carbon stock in Kuningan Botanical Garden (156.4 ha) is 35985 tons.

Urban farming is a characteristic of land use that is narrow and intensively limited to annual crops, polyculture and business oriented. This activity was initiated as an effort to maintain food supply and improve family nutrition. Therefore, the importance of increasing and developing the knowledge of women farmers by finding information related to urban farming through the use of digital communication media. The objective of this research was to describe the activities of women farmers in urban farming activities, describe the use of digital communication media and its effects. The research method used was a case study method by conducting an indepth analysis of five farmer women groups in Bogor city. The results showed that the activities of farmer women's groups in group activities on urban farming namely routine meetings, group garden activities, product processing, marketing, ecobrick manufacturing and training. Utilization of digital communication media by farmer women sorted by usage in finding information related to the urban farming program is Whatsapp (WA), Facebook (FB), Google, YouTube and Instagram (IG). The impact of the utilizing digital communication media on the activities of farmer women's groups on urban farming is an increase in knowledge, application of technology and towards the development of agricultural education.

<div class="WordSection1"><p><em>The mandate of Presidential Regulation 111/2022 states that the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) need to be synchronized with the five-year National Development Plan (RPJMN) at the central government level, and the five-year Regional Development Plan (RPJMD) at the provincial and city/district levels. Further synchronization at the national level will eventually be completed in the National Action Plan (RAN), while at the provincial/city/district level it will produce a Regional Action Plan (RAD). This study aims to prepare the first steps for the development of urban agriculture spatial databases to support the monitoring and evaluation of SDGs and the formulation of RAD in Bogor City. The method used is a descriptive method through a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with a synchronization analysis between the SDGs and the five-year development plan (RPJMD) of Bogor City 2019-2024. The FGD activity was also attended by 114 representatives of women's farmer groups (KWT). The results of the analysis show that the development of a spatial database of urban agriculture to support the subsequent monitoring and evaluation of SDGs in Bogor City was carried out through an analysis of the role of KWT locations in poverty reduction within a certain radius in each KWT plantation location. This can be an indication that urban farming spatial databases can be used to evaluate SDGs 1 (No Poverty) and 2 (No Hunger).</em></p></div>

Climate and land-use changes have been contributing to the increase in the occurrence of extreme wildfires, shifting fire regimes and driving desertification, particularly in Mediterranean-climate regions. However, few studies have researched the influence of land use/cover on fire regimes and carbon storage at the broad national scale. To address this gap, we used spatially explicit data from annual burned areas in mainland Portugal to build a typology of fire regimes based on the accumulated burned area and its temporal concentration (Gini Index) between 1984 and 2019. This typology was then combined with carbon stock data and different landscapes to explore relationships between landscape types and two important ecosystem services: wildfire reduction and carbon stock. Multivariate analyses were performed on these data and the results revealed a strong relationship between landscapes dominated by maritime pine and eucalypt plantations and highly hazardous fire regimes, which in turn hold the highest carbon stocks. Shrubland and mixed landscapes were associated with low carbon stocks and less hazardous fire regimes. Specialized agricultural landscapes, as well as mixed native forests and mixed agroforestry landscapes, were the least associated with wildfires. In the case of agricultural landscapes, however, this good wildfire performance is achieved at the cost of the poorest carbon stock, whereas native forests and agroforestry landscapes strike the best trade-off between carbon stock and fire regime. Our findings support how nature-based solutions promoting wildfire mitigation and carbon stock ecosystem services may prevent and revert land degradation harming Mediterranean regions.

Functional diversity and carbon storage of plant community elevation patterns and carbon accumulation mechanisms in desert shrubland of Yanqi Hola Mountain, China

Woody species diversity and carbon stock potentials in homegarden agroforestry and other land use systems, northern Ethiopia

Ficus (Moraceae) is a keystone resource species in the tropical region, and it contributes significantly to Bogor City's vegetation composition. Ficus spp. provide habitat for urban animals and contribute to providing environmental services for the community. Minimum data distribution and increasing land-use change possibly decrease Ficus diversity in Bogor City. This study aimed to analyse the diversity and distribution of Ficus spp. in Bogor City. The research was conducted by dividing Bogor City into 128 plots sized 1 x 1 km. Relative abundance and distribution analysis used QGIS version 3.10.2-A Coruña. A total of 37 species of Ficus spp. from six subgenera were found in Bogor. The highest distribution is mainly located around the Bogor Botanic Gardens and the Ahmad Yani City Forest in a tree and hemiepiphyte. Ficus benjamina and Ficus septica were the most common species found and spread throughout Bogor City. The significant land-use change in Bogor City has resulted in Ficus spp. generally spread in the northern and central parts. In contrast, in the southern part, they are relatively low. Some Ficus can also be bioindicators because they have growing habitats that tend to be specific and spread in certain areas. The presence of the Bogor Botanic Gardens has an important role in increasing the diversity of Ficus spp. in Bogor City.

Total aboveground carbon (TAC) and total soil carbon stock in the agroforestry system at the Balung River Plantation, Sabah, Malaysia were investigated to scientifically support the sustaining of natural forest for mitigating global warming via reducing carbon in the atmosphere. Agroforestry, monoculture, and natural tropical forests were investigated to calculate the carbon stock and sequestration based on three different combinations of oil palm and agarwood in agroforestry systems from 2014 to 2018. These combinations were oil palm (27 years) and agarwood (seven years), oil palm (20 years) and agarwood (seven years), and oil palm (17 years) and agarwood (five years). Monoculture oil palm (16 years), oil palm (six years), and natural tropical forest were set as the control. Three randomly selected plots for agroforestry and monoculture plantation were 0.25 ha (50 × 50 m), respectively, whereas for the natural tropical forest it was 0.09 ha (30 × 30 m). A nondestructive sampling method followed by the allometric equation determined the standing biomass. Organic and shrub layers collected in a square frame (1 × 1 m) were analyzed using the CHN628 series (LECO Corp., MI, USA) for carbon content. Soil bulk density of randomly selected points within the three different layers, that is, 0 to 5, 5 to 10, and 10 to 30 cm were used to determine the total ecosystem carbon (TEC) stock in each agroforestry system which was 79.13, 85.40, and 78.28 Mg C ha−1, respectively. The TEC in the monoculture oil palm was 76.44 and 60.30 Mg C ha−1, whereas natural tropical forest had the highest TEC of 287.29 Mg C ha−1. The forest stand had the highest TEC capacity as compared with the agroforestry and monoculture systems. The impact of planting systems on the TEC showed a statistically significant difference at a 95% confidence interval for the various carbon pools among the agroforestry, monoculture, and natural tropical forests. Therefore, the forest must be sustained because of its higher capacity to store carbon in mitigating global warming.

The growth of urban areas in Bogor City physically marked by rapid growth in the urban fringe, where its growth tend to be widespread and dispersed randomly as well getting out of control (urban sprawl phenomenon). Urban sprawl resulted in the loss of green space and has caused many environmental impacts associated with the reduction of public green open space. The public green open space (GOS) in urban fringe area are essential for guiding sustainable urban development in response to urban sprawl phenomenon. The objective of this study is to assess the quality of public GOS in district of Tanah Sareal Bogor City. Analysis were done by using Worldview 2 imagery year 2015 through NDVI method. The study demonstrated that in the current area of GOS still meets the rules, but the quality level of public (GOS) are varies where the best quality is public GOS in Kelurahan Sukaresmi and the worst is public GOS in district of Kedungwaringin.

A robust management for Indonesian typical home garden or usually called as “pekarangan” is needed to resolve environmental problems in rural landscape, particularly in developing countries. A well planned and managed landscape practices may suppress social economical and ecological development in rural marginal society. Therefore by revitalizing pekarangan systems, marginal communities would have the possibility to advance their asset of landscape services through plant biodiversity (H’) and carbon stock (C) inside pekarangan. The aim of this research is to develop basic landscape service of plant biodiversity and carbon stock, to analyze the correlation between both of them, and to arrange recommendation for revitalizing pekarangan. The results show that pekarangan has diverse plant biodiversity (0.77-3.57) and diverse carbon stock (0.13-136.20 Mg/ha. However plant diversity in mid to high scale (H’ > 1.00) reach 98.95% and high carbon stock (C > 10.00 Mg/ha) reach 45.83%. And there is positive correlation among both of them (Y=0.0099X + 2.0299). Those landscape services provided by pekarangan account to mimic forestry landscape.

A robust management for Indonesian typical home garden or usually called as “pekarangan” is needed to resolve environmental problems in rural landscape, particularly in developing countries. A well planned and managed landscape practices may suppress social economical and ecological development in rural marginal society. Therefore by revitalizing pekarangan systems, marginal communities would have the possibility to advance their asset of landscape services through plant biodiversity (H’) and carbon stock (C) inside pekarangan. The aim of this research is to develop basic landscape service of plant biodiversity and carbon stock, to analyze the correlation between both of them, and to arrange recommendation for revitalizing pekarangan. The results show that pekarangan has diverse plant biodiversity (0.77-3.57) and diverse carbon stock (0.13-136.20 Mg/ha. However plant diversity in mid to high scale (H’ > 1.00) reach 98.95% and high carbon stock (C > 10.00 Mg/ha) reach 45.83%. And there is positive correlation among both of them (Y=0.0099X + 2.0299). Those landscape services provided by pekarangan account to mimic forestry landscape.

The unprecedented increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration has attracted global research attention on the potential role of tree plantations in climate change mitigation. There is an urgent need to estimate the above-ground biomass (AGB) and carbon stock in forest plantations. This is particularly essential for Sierra Leone, where above-ground biomass (AGB) and carbon stock data are presently lacking. This study estimated the above-ground biomass accumulation and carbon stock of Tectona grandis Linn.f. and Gmelina arborea Roxb. in the spacing and plantation trials at Njala University, Southern Sierra Leone. The assessment was based on a total inventory of trees having a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm and tree height. Above-ground biomass (AGB) was estimated using the allometric equation by Chave et al. (2005), and above-ground carbon (AGC) stock was calculated by multiplying the biomass with a conversion factor of 0.5. The result showed that the mean above-ground carbon stock for Gmelina arborea was higher in the plantation trial (25.2 t ha-1) than in the spacing trial (7.5 t ha-1). For Tectona grandis, the mean above-ground carbon stock was similarly higher in the plantation trial (6.6 t ha-1) than in the spacing trial (1.5 t ha-1). The results further suggest that the variation in the means of above-ground carbon stock is not dependent on the tree species type and experimental site because there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the tree species and experimental sites.