Abstract
Cotoneaster plants are sources of traditional medicines and dietary products, with health benefits resulting from their phenolic contents and antioxidant activity. In this work, active markers of the leaves of C. bullatus and C. zabelii were characterized and evaluated in an integrated phytochemical and biological activity study. Based on UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3 analysis, twelve analytes were preselected from the constituents of the hydromethanolic leaf extracts, and two of them—caffeoylmalic acid and quercetin 3--O-β-d-(2″--O-β-d-xylopyranosyl)galactopyranoside (QPH)—were isolated for full identification (NMR spectroscopy: 1H, 13C, COSY, HMBC, HMQC). All selected phenolics contributed to the antioxidant activity of the extracts, which was demonstrated in chemical in vitro tests (DPPH, FRAP, and TBARS) and in a biological model of human plasma exposed to oxidative/nitrative stress induced by peroxynitrite. This contribution was partly due to the synergy between individual polyphenols, evidenced by an isobolographic analysis of the interactions of (–)-epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, and QPH as representatives of three classes of Cotoneaster polyphenols. All twelve markers, including also neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin, were thus applied as calibration standards, and a fast, accurate, reproducible, and fully validated RP-HPLC-PDA method for quality control and standardization of the target extracts was proposed.
Highlights
The genus Cotoneaster Medikus (Rosaceae) comprises about 500 species native to central and southern China and naturalized in Europe, where they are extensively cultivated as ornamental plants.Various Cotoneaster representatives are used in traditional Asian medicine for their cardiotonic, hypotensive, diuretic, antispasmodic, expectorant, astringent and antiviral properties, and are indicated, e.g., for cardiac complaints, diabetes mellitus, nosebleeds, hematemesis and excessive menstruation [1,2,3]
Positive controls: quercetin dehydrate (QU), quercetin; TX, Trolox®; AA, ascorbic acid. These findings may indicate that the studied polyphenols are responsible for the biological effects. These findings indicate the studied polyphenols arethe responsible the biological of Cotoneaster leaves may and might be that regarded as active markers for purpose offor quality control
This study is the first evaluation of active markers of Cotoneaster leaves and their contribution to the antioxidant activity of the leaf extracts of C. bullatus and C. zabelii
Summary
The genus Cotoneaster Medikus (Rosaceae) comprises about 500 species native to central and southern China and naturalized in Europe, where they are extensively cultivated as ornamental plants.Various Cotoneaster representatives are used in traditional Asian medicine for their cardiotonic, hypotensive, diuretic, antispasmodic, expectorant, astringent and antiviral properties, and are indicated, e.g., for cardiac complaints, diabetes mellitus, nosebleeds, hematemesis and excessive menstruation [1,2,3]. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 69 species have been noticed as a source of extracts with potential application in oxidative stress-related pathologies [6,7]. In this context, among the species cultivated in Poland, C. bullatus and C. zabelii were characterized by the highest polyphenol content and extraction yield as well as the best antioxidant activity parameters [5,6,7]. Both species contain the same main groups of polyphenols (flavan-3-ols, caffeoyl acid derivatives, flavonoids), there are some quantitative and qualitative differences, e.g., some compounds are present only in one of the species [5,6]
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