Contribution of Beekeeping for Job Creation and Poverty Alleviation in Ethiopia

Beekeeping is environmentally sustainable activity that can be integrated with agricultural practices like crop production, animal husbandry, horticultural crops and conservation of natural resources. It is not a labor-intensive activity and can therefore easily be combined with the other daily activities. In view of the economic situation, it is unlikely that farmers were not set aside land for beekeeping and or bee flora production. In the watershed area, after intervention of the technology, the total economic contribution proportions were, Maize (24.6%), teff (21%), wheat (15.1%), potato (20%) and beekeeping (19.8%) are the major crops grown in the watershed. The survey results also depicted some contributions of beekeeping sector as getting additional income, access to improved nutritional values (honey consumption by the family members which directly resulted in improved feeding habit), improved access livestock development (purchase of oxen and cows), pay loans and save money, purchase of household goods, building of houses in towns and the likes. These all indicate that beekeeping activities are promoting the livelihood of the farmers. Therefore, to enhance the production of beekeeping to alleviate poverty and job creation the government should be promote policies that support self-employment opportunities in off-farm activities such as beekeeping, value chain development, agricultural service provision and agribusiness activities. However, it is estimated that around one million farm households are involved in beekeeping business using the traditional, intermediate and modern hive production practice.

The asset base, income and livelihood strategies of rural households in Zambia differ widely. For this reason, a one-size-fits-all strategy will not be effective. Therefore, there is need for empirical evidence of how different policy instruments in agriculture and social protection and combinations of these can be targeted to different population groups. This could also help orient public expenditure into more impactful and cost effective interventions in agriculture and social protection. Using Principal component analysis and Cluster analysis, Zambia s 1.4 million smallholder farming households fall into five broad livelihood groups. While crop and non-crop agriculture plays a dominant role in the livelihoods of most rural households, off-farm activities are also important. Poor rural households need both income and productive support, which can be provided through social protection and smallholder agricultural development programmes. Agricultural development programmes need to be adjusted to different crop and non-crop agricultural activities. Support also needs to be provided to off-farm income-generating activities. For the wealthiest clusters, policy should consider private sector led down and upstream agricultural supply and/or value chain inclusion and development. Acknowledgement : We acknowledge the financial support from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). We particularly appreciate the input in the design and analysis of the study, including review comments by Moses Chibole, Silvio Daidone, Alejandro Grinspun and Maria Angelita Ruvalcaba of FAO and peer reviewing by Fabio Veras. Any views expressed or errors are solely the responsibility of the authors.

The primary objective to undertake this current study is to examine the Honey sector, specifically in the Rajasthan region of India. In particular, a value chain based approach is utilized to understand the existing challenges and prospects of the sector. In addition, the study aims to provide recommendations to strengthen the production, distribution, and sustainable development of Honey sector. India, being an agro economy, agriculture and allied activities constitute a substantial chunk of India’s GDP. Rajasthan, the largest state in terms of area in India, is well-known because of its abundant biodiversity and is acknowledged as the top crop producer, accounting for an estimated 50% of the country's supply of seed spices. Drawing from the body of existing literature, this study demonstrates how the Indian honey industry has not been able to live up to its potential and instead has fallen short of expectations. These factors include a lack of technological adoption, access to markets, and value chain development. A lack of governmental support, a lack of systematic marketing and distribution strategies, a lack of knowledge about beekeeping, limited access to sophisticated tools and technology integration, and a lack of chemicals required for efficient beekeeping and honey processing operations are the main obstacles impeding the rapid development of the honey's consumption industry. The primary approaches envisioned for the long-term growth of the honey industry should include effective methods of delivering components, knowledge-based methods of processing honey from bees, integration of processes that add value, and creation of market connections for local farmers, beekeepers, and honey producers. As a result, honey producers make more money while supporting the industry's participants' performance, profitability, and sustainable way of life. The findings of this study provide policymakers and government agencies with ideas on how to create programs for the long-term growth of Rajasthan’s honey sector.

ABSTRACTThis review explores post‐harvest technological interventions in garlic processing, preservation, and value addition to enhance product quality and shelf life. Various post‐harvest operations such as curing, drying, sorting, grading, packaging, and storage are critical in maintaining garlic's quality from farm to consumer. Traditional processing methods often lead to hygienic concerns, affecting both storage stability and consumer safety. Innovative technologies, including cryogenic grinding, irradiation, and controlled‐atmosphere storage, offer promising alternatives to minimize quality deterioration and maximize nutritional retention. Research highlights the impact of drying techniques on garlic's bioactive compounds, with freeze‐drying and vacuum drying preserving allicin and phenolic compounds effectively. Additionally, cold storage and gamma irradiation inhibit sprouting, microbial growth, and enzymatic degradation, prolonging shelf life. Developing garlic‐based value‐added products, such as powders, pastes, oils, and oleoresins, further enhances its economic potential. This paper provides a comprehensive review of existing and emerging garlic processing techniques, emphasizing their impact on quality retention and market value. The findings aim to support researchers, food engineers, and agribusiness stakeholders in improving garlic post‐harvest handling and processing for both domestic and international markets.

Most of the books available take the same approach: a chronological account of the construction and design of houses and of the internal furnishings of houses from the Stone Age to the present day. Two good books which concentrate on illustrations of house construction and design for the 9-13 age-group are R. J. Unstead, A History of Houses and K. Dance, Homes. For teachers who prefer a narrative approach there is P. Moss, Our Homes through the Age. E. E. Cowie, Homes, intended for slower pupils (9-13 y), uses a restricted vocabulary and makes wide use of photographs, drawings and charts. For classes in the 13-16 group there is T. Hastie, Home Life. J. B. Coltham and W. H. Wright, Homes contains a brief account of the construction of peasants' houses, manor and town houses, castles and monasteries, and is useful for project work.

The construction of shop-houses and houses in big cities and small towns is currently being constructed constinously. Because both types of buildings, shop-houses and houses are basic people needs. Anyone who want to build shophouses and houses need to prepare the costs as a basis for considering the feasibility of construction investment. So, the estimated cost of constructionshop-houses and houses as the basis of the construction is very important. However, it is difficult to estimate these costs if the data needed are not available. The trend of estimated construction costs at this time is calculated per square meter. However, this method is not truly accurate to estimate the construction costs of the buildings. The inaccuracy in estimating the costs cause detrimentsfor people who wants to build a shop-houses and houses. The solution to solve problem is by applying a good Model. To result agood model, then conducted a research by quantitative method approach.The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. Primary data is obtained by building shophouses and houses who built by the author., while secondary data obtained through survey and interview. While secondary data is derived from contractors.Both types of data are Construction Project Documents.The number of data is 62 (sixty-two)form big cities and small towns. Then, the data are processed and analyzed using regression analysis method. From the results of the analysis found the model as a formula for estimating the cost of construction of shop houses and houses. The estimation cost of construction shop-houses and houses in big cities uses doors frames, floors, Foundation and sanitaries. While the estimation cost of the construction of shophouses and houses in small cities uses roof, door frames, structures, walls, and the floor. The model has been tested through analysis test and validation test accuratly and fast.

Value chain development for linking land-constrained farmers to markets: Experience from two selected villages of West Bengal, India

The higher chicken ownership of women was observed in all of the three agro-climatic zones Feeding, watering, cleaning, house construction, treating sick chicken, and buying and selling live chicken are common activities in poultry farms. Approximately 80% of the chicken populations in Africa are reared in free scavenging systems. Small holder farming families, landless labourers and people with incomes below the poverty line are able to raise chicken with low inputs and harvest the benefits of eggs and meat via scavenging feed resources. In most African countries, the rural chicken population accounts for more than 60% of the total national chicken population. Ethiopia is more responsible for chicken rearing in both male and female headed households, while men are responsible for crop cultivation and other off-farm activities. In a number of African countries, approximately 80% of the chicken flocks are owned and largely controlled and managed by rural women. In male headed households, the wife and husband are coowners of the chickens but sometimes children own some chicken in the flock and are allowed to sell their chicken and eggs to cover expenses for school or to purchase clothes. The proportional contribution of poultry to the total animal protein production of the world by the year 2020 is believed to increase to 40%, the major increase being in the developing world. However, most communities lack the required husbandry skills, training and opportunity to effectively improve their household chicken production.

This paper intends to clarify block formation and house types of Wolvendaal, Colombo, Sri Lanka, and analyze their transformation process. The research on which this paper is based is the further study of the project called 'Field Research on Origin, Transformation, Conversion and Conservation of Urban Space of Colonial Cities', which the major targets are Dutch colonial cities all over the world. Further to this project, comparing colonial cities in South Asia, in terms of spatial formation and transformation is the ambitious objective of this research. Another purpose is to elucidate the Dutch way of houses construction in their colonial cities, where in Wolvendaal, Dutch developed the form of town houses for high-density living. Colombo was once a head quarter of Ceylon, one of five administrative districts laid by Dutch on South Asia. Wolfendaal also played an important role in British colonial period when the city experienced rapid growth. At present, there still holds numerous town houses. This paper clarifies the spatial organization of Wolvendaal, by analyzing the distribution pattern of its facilities and block formation, based on field surveys. At the last chapter, the paper focuses on house types of Wolvendaal identified according to their physical features and planning parameters, while the transformation process of these house types are discussed as well. This paper suggests that Dutch colonial town houses still playing an important role in the organization of special formation of Wolvendaal.

Advancements of nanotechnologies in crop promotion and soil fertility: Benefits, life cycle assessment, and legislation policies

Shortan GCC is the only enterprise designed for deep processing of gas and production of polyethylene in Central Asia. There are 6 devices in SGST workshop: central boiler device, demineralized water preparation and steam condensate collection and cleaning system device, nitrogen and air intake device, technological water cooling device, fuel system and torch farm, construction of a boiler house in the workers town. Despite the increase in power, as a consequence, the performance didn`t decay. During the process, the equipment is used with a margin of safety.

To evaluate the environmental and ecological factors associated with Leishmania transmission and vector abundance in Chaparral, Tolima-Colombia. First, we compared the ecological characteristics, abundance of phlebotomies and potential reservoir hosts in the peridomestic environment (100 m radius) of randomly selected houses, between two townships with high and low cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence. Second, we examined peridomestic correlates of phlebotomine abundance in all 43 houses in the higher risk township. The high transmission township had higher coverage of forest (23%vs. 8.4%) and shade coffee (30.7%vs. 11%), and less coffee monoculture (16.8%vs. 26.2%) and pasture (6.3%vs. 12.3%), compared to the low transmission township. Lutzomyia were more abundant in the high transmission township 2.5 vs. 0.2/trap/night. Lutzomyia longiflocosa was the most common species in both townships: 1021/1450 (70%) and 39/80 (49%). Numbers of potential wild mammal reservoirs were small, although four species were found to be infected with Leishmania (Viannia) spp. In the high transmission township, the overall peridomiciliary capture rate of L. longiflocosa was 1.5/trap/night, and the abundance was higher in houses located nearer to forest (ρ = -0.30, P = 0.05). The findings are consistent with a domestic transmission cycle with the phlebotomies dependent on dense vegetation near the house.

The green revolution made India self-sufficient in food production. Over the years, due to technological interventions, the quantity of food production increased to new heights. However, the income of farmers did not improve proportionately. Lack of integration of farmers to sustainable value chains could be one factor contributing to it. Under this impression, the research was conducted to identify the training needs of the farmers in the area of value chain development of the Carrot commercial variety (cv.) Pusa Rudhira during 2022. A total number of 80 farmers were selected randomly from Nizampur, Delhi, and Peer Nagar Sodhana, Uttar Pradesh. A training need index was developed. The findings showed that 71.25 per cent of the farmers had medium to very high need of training in the area of value chain development. The most sought-after training needs were the use of herbicides, vermicomposting, prevention of rotting, and contract negotiation skills. The identified areas may be given due consideration while organising training programmes for farmers so that they can upgrade themselves to better value chains and earn more income.

This review, the second in a two-part series, provides an overview of some of the essential requirements for housing shelter cats, either singly or in groups. Specific practical aspects of housing, including design, space allowances, cage furnishings and suitable construction materials, are discussed, and suggestions made for upgrading existing housing where extensive rebuilding is not feasible or realistic. Evidence base: There is a relatively small body of empirical evidence to inform shelter design recommendations. The recommendations in this article are based on a careful review of the available evidence, some of which has come from allied fields such as the care of experimental animals. Where evidence is not yet available, recommendations have been based on field experience and collective expert opinion.

BackgroundSmart speakers, such as Amazon’s Echo and Google’s Nest Home, combine natural language processing with a conversational interface to carry out everyday tasks, like playing music and finding information. Easy to use, they are embraced by older adults, including those with limited physical function, vision, or computer literacy. While smart speakers are increasingly used for research purposes (eg, implementing interventions and automatically recording selected research data), information on the advantages and disadvantages of using these devices for studies related to health promotion programs is limited.ObjectiveThis study evaluates the feasibility and acceptability of using smart speakers to deliver a physical activity (PA) program designed to help older adults enhance their physical well-being.MethodsCommunity-dwelling older adults (n=18) were asked to use a custom smart speaker app to participate in an evidence-based, low-impact PA program for 10 weeks. Collected data, including measures of technology acceptance, interviews, field notes, and device logs, were analyzed using a concurrent mixed analysis approach. Technology acceptance measures were evaluated using time series ANOVAs to examine acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, and intention to adopt smart speaker technology. Device logs provided evidence of interaction with and adoption of the device and the intervention. Interviews and field notes were thematically coded to triangulate the quantitative measures and further expand on factors relating to intervention fidelity.ResultsSmart speakers were found to be acceptable for administering a PA program, as participants reported that the devices were highly usable (mean 5.02, SE 0.38) and had strong intentions to continue their use (mean 5.90, SE 0.39). Factors such as the voice-user interface and engagement with the device on everyday tasks were identified as meaningful to acceptability. The feasibility of the devices for research activity, however, was mixed. Despite the participants rating the smart speakers as easy to use (mean 5.55, SE 1.16), functional and technical factors, such as Wi-Fi connectivity and appropriate command phrasing, required the provision of additional support resources to participants and potentially impaired intervention fidelity.ConclusionsSmart speakers present an acceptable and appropriate behavioral intervention technology for PA programs directed at older adults but entail additional requirements for resource planning, technical support, and troubleshooting to ensure their feasibility for the research context and for fidelity of the intervention.