Continuous monitoring of cerebral oxygenation in acute brain injury

Abstract

A new index of cerebral hemodynamics, cerebral hemodynamic reserve (CHR), was evaluated in 12 comatose adults with severe, acute, traumatic, diffuse swelling of the brain, who underwent continuous monitoring with a fiberoptic catheter of the saturation difference in arteriojugular oxyhemoglobin. CHR was assessed as the ratio of changes in global cerebral oxygen extraction to changes in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) as a result of spontaneous increases in intracranial pressure (ICP). During the course of hyperventilation (Pco2 in the range of 20 mm Hg) for ICP control below 20 mm Hg, 34 observations were made over the initial 48 hours postinjury. Despite normal CPP, in 25 of the observations (73.5%), ICP elevations to the range of 20 mm Hg were associated with compromised CHR, as evidenced by decreases in jugular oxygenation directly attributed to the ICP increases. In the remaining nine observations (26.5%), CHR was preserved, as evidenced by no changes or increases in jugular oxygenation when ICP increased. The CHR improved on the second day, suggesting an improved tolerance of the cerebral hemodynamics to ICP increases. Before the ICP elevations, in most of the observations, the global cerebral blood flow was estimated as being optimally decreased (by hypocapnia), in relation to cerebral oxygen consumption. This was reflected by the occurrence of baseline normalized cerebral oxygen extraction. It is concluded that in this group of patients, under circumstances of profound hyperventilation, ICP elevations within the normal CPP range may result in decreased cerebral oxygenation, even when the normal CPP would imply otherwise. It is suggested that CHR assessment may provide information regarding the status of intracranial "tightness," insofar as cerebral circulation and oxygenation are concerned.