Contesting LGBTQI Inclusion: Expansion, Contraction, and New Dilemmas

The article examines the peculiarities, prerequisites and historical development of human rights and freedoms throughout the existence of human civilization. The complex evolutionary path from the past to the present is demonstrated, and changes in ideas about human rights and freedoms along this path are noted. On the basis of scientific analysis of normative legal acts, a wide range of sources and scientific literature, an attempt is made to investigate the peculiarities of the process of historical development of human rights and freedoms throughout the existence of human civilization, demonstrating different views and concepts of individual prominent statesmen, philosophers, lawyers, etc. The relevance of this issue for the evolution of the legislation of the world’s leading countries was noted. It has been demonstrated that the historical development of human and citizen rights and freedoms is a determining factor in the formation of the legislation of each state. The Institute of Human Rights acts as a guarantor of protection against the arbitrariness of state power, ensuring freedom for everyone and forming the foundations of the constitutional order. With the help of a comprehensive analysis of scientific literature and other international legal documents, an own scientific position on the problem under investigation was formed. In general, it is shown that the history of the development of human rights and freedoms is closely related to the historical prerequisites for the formation of law, as well as the existence and development of human society, the first concepts about rights and freedoms were introduced and developed by outstanding philosophers and thinkers of Ancient Greece and Rome, received further developed in the period of the Middle Ages and modern times and were finally established in the XX-XXI centuries. For many centuries, legal scholars in their scientific works have actively considered the evolution of human rights and highlighted their unique views on this topic. Special attention is paid to the historical and legal retrospective of various stages of the historical development of human rights and freedoms, the main ideas and concepts about human rights and freedoms during the development of society are characterized. The relevance of this issue for the evolution of the legislation of the world’s leading countries has been demonstrated.

Problem setting. The problem of human rights in the context of globalization is complex and requires concerted and effective actions, which should be applied not only at the level of nation states, but also at the global level. Globalization has opened new challenges, related to the implementation, development and transformation of human rights, accelerated their universalization, and set new challenges for the world community. The purpose of the article is to analyze the essence of globalization and the impact of globalization processes in the world on the definition of the essence and approaches to human and civil rights and freedoms, analysis of the legal basis for their consolidation and guarantee. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Today, the interest of scientists to globalization in general and legal globalization has increased significantly. The problem of human rights has a worldwide character, it has been studied by such leading foreign specialists as Z. Baumman, in. Beck, K. Omaye, S. Strahej, E. Toffler, M. Foucault, Y. Habermas, J. Rola, F. Fukuyama, etc. Certain aspects of legal globalization were studied by domestic scientists – O. Petrishin, P. Rabinovich, O. Dashkovskaya, L. Wasechko, I. Zharovskaya, N. Onishchenko, O.Uvarova and others. However, consideration of the problem of human rights transformation requires a solidise analysis and a comprehensive approach. Articles main body. The issues of interaction between globalization and law at the present stage of society development are considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the factors of interaction between globalization changes and human rights in modern society. The following signs of transformation of the institution of rights and freedoms are singled out: change of the content of human rights under the pressure of global problems of the present; emergence and legal development of new human rights and freedoms; universalization and regionalization of human rights; complicating the system of international legal regulation of human rights. It is determined that in the context of globalization processes human rights standards in the sphere of digital technologies and further development of human rights to prohibit discrimination in all spheres of relations, in particular on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity, also deserve special attention. Conclusions. Analyzing the different approaches to the legal opportunities of people in the era of globalization, it can be stated that given the diversity of relations of which everyone in the world is a member, international organizations and each country should not dwell on developing and improving the legal framework to guarantee and protect human interests and rights. . But they are obliged to continue the legal policy on the recognition and consolidation of human rights and freedoms that appear in the changing conditions of today in the modern world under the further influence of scientific and technological progress, as well as geopolitical challenges.

Development of human rights and citizenship rights is based on publication of its concepts among the people in global society. This publication of concepts and introduction of the people from different nations to human rights are done through education. Media with their role in transfer of information and knowledge have educational function. Media with their educational function ensured education right as one of the human rights while informing the public thoughts with their own rights and increasing their demands through human rights and citizenship rights education. Human rights and citizenship rights education activate the people of society in normalization of the related rules and this media education which is directly and indirectly related to obligation of states to right of education binds the states to respond to increased demands of human rights and citizenship rights and take action regarding development of the human and citizenship rights in national and international level. Human rights and citizenship rights have exclusive capability which leads to increased awareness of states with human and citizenship rights and increased demands of states and international society considering high number of media addresses and diversity of their content in presentation of materials about human and citizenship rights in education for all society levels and increased demand leads states and international society to develop norms of the human and citizenship rights through legislation, codification and enactment of the conventions on human rights and this process leads to development of human and citizenship rights at local and global levels.

Human rights are issues that are always discussed and have not provided a single understanding. This article aimed to analyze human rights from the perspective of the Imam school of thought by using the analysis of the thought of Imam Al-Shafi'i. This research was qualitative using the library research method based on data management obtained from several pieces of literature. Furthermore, this research used a normative approach by adapting several books of Imam Al-Shafi'i. The research found that human obligations and rights in Islamic law, according to Imam Al-Shafi'i, became an inseparable unit. Muslims must be far back to see the birth history and the development of human obligations and rights. As is meant by Imam Al-Shafi'i, human right is a fundamental thing, and it is worth fighting for social beings. His thinkers about human rights can be seen in some of his works, such as Al-Umm and Al-Risālah. These works are very outside for those who want to learn about human rights. The work and application of human rights imposed by Imam Al-Shafi'i are not much different from what is explained by several figures of human rights thinkers who come from the West. It was as the author found a match in his application after seeing the development of human rights thought from several figures. It is expected that contemporary Muslim scholars prioritize the issue of human obligations and rights in providing legal solutions to Muslims.

This chapter considers elements of political science historical development, and presents the main topics and issues addressed by scholars and the different kind of methods they use to study conspiracy theories. It aims to synthesise the most relevant findings, which will lead us to attempt to give a definition of conspiracy theories that finds a consensus in the field of political science. Although its origins are widely recognised to lie in the philosophical debates on politics since the time of ancient Greece, political science as a structured discipline engaged in empirical research only began to emerge at the end of nineteenth century. Political science is considered the academic discipline that studies formal and informal, conscious and unconscious, visible and invisible relations of power, authority and domination amongst individual and/or collective actors of all kinds. Political science is then divided into several sub-disciplines such as history of ideas, political sociology, public policies, public institutions, government studies, comparative politics or international relations.

As readers will recall from the previous issue of Political Psychology (April 2004), the special issue on prospect theory in political science and political psychology has been broken into two parts. substantive introduction to this topic and to the papers in the first part of the special issue appeared in April. This second commentary introduces the final three papers in this special issue. William Boettcher's article The Prospects for Prospect Theory: An Empirical Evaluation of International Relations Applications of Framing and Loss Aversion presents both an experimental test and a methodological critique of prospect theory as it has been used in political science. In particular, Boettcher notes, in line with Kahneman's (2000) argument, that political scientists confront unique challenges in seeking to apply the findings from laboratory experiments to realworld problems in international relations. Boettcher calls for a careful consideration of the signal differences between laboratory domains and those presented by real-world decision-making, which obviously present a whole host of pressures, constraints, and demands that would be impossible and unethical to simulate in a laboratory. As a result, the issues of external validity and generalizability remain open and subject to further empirical tests, validations, and/or discounting. Boettcher's article also reports the results of three experiments designed to examine the difference between domains in explicitly political contexts involving group decision-making. Like framing, group decision-making remains a fruitful area for the expansion and development of prospect theory in political science. Because few political decisions rest on one person's choice alone, and most political decisions involve some kind of group decision-making process, advances in the use of prospect theory in group interactions remain a crucial component of broader applicability for the model within political science. Boettcher's first experiment finds little support for the impact of framing on group polarization. second and third experiments suggest stronger support for predicted findings in the area of preference reversals, especially when the context of framing effects

In this article I discuss an approach to teaching about the Russian war in Ukraine that uses the war as a focal point for teaching about topics in comparative politics and international relations. I discuss the pedagogical advantages for political science teaching, including meeting the interests of students, introducing students to theories in political science, and re-centering courses on the region away from Russia. I then discuss how the various political science topics and research questions are related to the war, and I conclude with a section on assignments and methods for student engagement that work well with this type of course.

The authors resolve a theoretical puzzle that characterizes the political preferences of members of social groups by (a) demonstrating that political homogeneity is a variable to be explained, (b) detailing how political discussions and shared attachments to political parties strongly influence its probability and arguing that political uniformity requires reinforcement and negotiation, (c) noting that the relatively low levels of shared policy preferences and political values are hardly influenced by any of the explanatory variables offered, and (d) presenting an alternative set of principles that accounts for these sometimes coherent and sometimes incoherent patterns. Finally, the authors address general themes in political analysis: the formation of political cultures and the relationship between theory and evidence in political science, themes at the heart of Harry Eckstein's contributions to theory in political science.

Human Rights and the Environment Background Paper for the 13th Informal ASEM Seminar on Human Rights

Development is a process in which a condition, situation, or entity experiences change or progress from one state to another that is better or more advanced. In a broader context, development can cover various fields, such as economic, technological, social, cultural and political. Development is often associated with positive progress or growth. Development can also refer to a more general process of change, including changes in people's thoughts, views, and values. Development refers to the physical, mental, emotional, and social growth that occurs throughout a person's life cycle. Violations are actions or behavior that violate established rules, laws, norms or codes of ethics. Violation often refers to actions that violate laws or regulations imposed by the government. This can include actions such as theft, violence, fraud, drug abuse, and so on. Violations of the law can impact individuals, groups, or society as a whole and can result in legal consequences, such as incarceration, fines, or other penalties. Violations reflect non-compliance or violation of established standards, and often result in negative impacts, both for the individual who violates and for other people or society as a whole. In Indonesia, there are regulations regarding Human Rights (HAM), which have been implemented in established laws and regulations. In Indonesia, Human Rights (HAM) can be regulated in various laws and regulations such as: 1956 Constitution, articles 18-34 concerning Human Rights (HAM). These articles can guarantee basic rights such as the right to life, freedom, justice, legal protection, religious freedom, and the right to get a job. Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights (HAM). This law is a regulation that specifically regulates human rights in Indonesia. This law states the Indonesian government's commitment to Human Rights (HAM) and establishes the basic principles and mechanisms for protecting Human Rights (HAM). And also, Law Number 26 of 2000 concerning Human Rights Courts (HAM), which regulates law enforcement against human rights violations in Indonesia, including the establishment of a Human Rights Court as a special law enforcement institution that examines and adjudicates cases of violations. HAM. The development and violations of Human Rights (HAM) in Indonesia have a significant impact on society, the government and the country as a whole. The following is the impact, namely the protection and promotion of individual rights, where the development of Human Rights (HAM) has a positive impact by ensuring that individual basic rights are respected and promoted. This includes the right to freedom of opinion, freedom of religion, the right to legal protection, economic, social and cultural rights. This development strengthens democracy and the welfare of society as a whole

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the quality of a political science program in an Egyptian private university through assessing three particular dimensions: knowledge of political science core facts and theories; reading comprehension skills; and critical thinking (CT). Design/methodology/approach A case study research approach was used. The study relies also on a quantitative methodology. Quantitative data were collected from students in the second and fourth years of political science to assess their knowledge of core political science facts and theories, reading comprehension and CT through the online California Critical Thinking Skills Test. Findings Unlike the results of core knowledge and reading comprehension, positive results were found with regard to students’ CT. The levels of students’ CT increased from 0 percent in Year 2 to 18 percent in Year 4. Variables such as the school GPA, non-Egyptian high school degree and not meeting professors during office hours were found statistically significant to higher levels of CT. Research limitations/implications One limitation of the study was the relatively small samples’ size. However, while the samples might look small on the surface, they represent, in reality, between 49 and 59 percent of the students enrolled in Years 2 and 4. Practical implications Despite its pilot nature, this study provides some insight into the quality of private political science education in Egypt through assessing the degree it contributes to political science students’ knowledge, reading comprehension and CT and through investigating the most statistically significant variables. Originality/value Whilst several studies have investigated the quality of higher education programs, very limited literature attempted to assess the quality of political science education, in particular.

This article analyzes the constitutional debate on and development of human rights in Vietnam throughout five constitutions from 1946 to 2013, as well as the prospects and challenges in promoting human rights in Vietnam during and after the development of its 2013 Constitution. It begins with an investigation and discussion of the human rights provisions from the 1946 Constitution to the 1992 Constitution – a period where the socialist human rights tradition was established in Vietnam. It follows with an analysis of the debates on the new human rights and citizens’ rights provisions in the 1992 Constitution, where a new concept of natural human rights emerged. The article continues to explore how the struggle and debates surrounding the competing conception of rights – socialist and positivist on one hand and natural law-based on the other – come into play in shaping the 2013 Constitution. It then proceeds to evaluate the potential challenges involved in the implementation of these rights in the coming years. The authors argue that the development of constitutional human rights in Vietnam is still limited by ideological barriers. It also faces substantial practical challenges owing to, inter alia, the absence of provisions for the immediate implementation of such rights as well as legal mechanisms for the protection of constitutional rights, such as a constitutional review system.

The question of the conflict and commensurability between human rights and trade has received an abundance of scholarly attention (and mass protests) in the past two decades. Many human rights advocates believe that liberalisation of trade regulations causes and contributes to human rights abuses and violations, whilst trade advocates believe that enhanced international trade provides benefits and opportunities and a generally higher standard of living especially in developing countries. With China’s accession to the World Trade Organisation in December 2001, the significance and immediacy of the relationship between human rights and trade has become ever more pronounced, as the human rights situation in China continues to be unfavourable. This article examines the notion and development of human rights in China, whether the WTO is legally capable of impacting the development and enforcement of human rights in China through its compulsory dispute resolution and enforcement mechanisms and its provision for trade sanctions and whether it is indeed desirable for the WTO to do so.

Political science is increasingly focusing on the study of leadership factors in its field scope. Therefore, the primary objective of this article is to systematically analyze the use of leadership theories in scholarly publications of political science. This paper also underscores the lack of leadership theories or concepts in political science, offering insights to anyone interested in examining leadership in this academic discipline. This study introduces an alternative framework for analyzing leadership, specifically emphasizing political leadership. Thus, the question addressed in this study is: What leadership theories are applied to the study of political science? This study utilizes the systematic literature review approach, except for the Appraisal Quality stage, to examine political leadership theory and the notion of utilization as discussed in political science. The ROSE protocol is employed in this study due to its suitability for mapping and qualitative studies. Furthermore, PICo is used to formulate research questions in the context of this study. The results of this study, which involved the review of 75 papers, revealed the implementation of leadership theories and concepts in 15 distinct contexts or focus areas. The analysis of leadership in political science places significant emphasis on the dimensions of transformative and transactional leadership styles. Both leadership styles are frequently used in various research contexts. Overall, the prevalence of transformative and transactional leadership theories in political science can be understood as a reflection of the constraints political scientists face in comprehending the nature of leadership within a political context from a scientific standpoint.

The use of popular culture as a teaching tool is often overlooked in teaching introductory-level political science courses. In recent years, advocacy for the inclusion of popular culture in the classroom has increased due to studies that highlight the benefits of such application in combination with other teaching methods. This paper argues that the incorporation of popular music and cartoons as a combined auxiliary teaching tool is an efficient way to increase students’ understanding of theoretical concepts at multiple levels and to encourage them to think unconventionally. Relating political science paradigms and theories to popular culture makes them accessible to a broad spectrum of students and ensures that students become more engaged in the classroom. Students may also be more likely to apply theoretical concepts to real-life events. In this paper, we share our observations of using popular songs and cartoons as supplementary teaching materials and methods to explain theories of international relations and comparative politics.