Abstract
Contamination of titanium dental implants may lead to implant failure. There are two major types of contaminants: the inorganic and organic contaminants. The inorganic contaminants mostly consist of elements such as calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, sulphur, sodium, silicon, fluorine and some organic carbons. Whereas organic contaminants consist of hydrocarbon, carboxylates, salts of organic acids, nitrogen from ammonium and bacterial cells/byproducts. Contaminants can alter the surface energy, chemical purity, thickness and composition of the oxide layer, however, we lack clinical evidence that contaminations have any effect at all. However, surface cleanliness seems to be essential for implant osseointegration.These contaminants may cause dental implants to fail in its function to restore missing teeth and also cause a financial burden to the patient and the health care services to invest in decontamination methods. Therefore, it is important to discuss the aetiology of dental implant failures. In this narrative review, we discuss two major types of contaminants: the inorganic and organic contaminants including bacterial contaminants. This review also aims to discuss the potential effect of contamination on Ti dental implants.
Highlights
Dental implants can get contaminated due to the ecological system in the oral cavity with abundant microorganisms [1]
Common elemental contamination from organic carbon and traces of elements including oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) found on dental implant surfaces are potentially linked to failure in re-osseointegration when parts of an implant had lost its osseointegration [2]
Combined usage of antiseptics such as chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) or hydrogen peroxide H 2O2 and photodynamic therapy (PDT) was more effective in eliminating bacteria biofilm. This was supported by a study where the combination of antiseptics and PDT showed effective decontamination ability in eradicating Staphylococcus aureus biofilm from Ti surfaces [59]
Summary
Dental implants can get contaminated due to the ecological system in the oral cavity with abundant microorganisms [1]. Common elemental contamination from organic carbon and traces of elements including oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) found on dental implant surfaces are potentially linked to failure in re-osseointegration when parts of an implant had lost its osseointegration [2] It has been shown re-osseointegration occurs when there is a formation of a direct structural and functional union between an implant and bone, it has been shown that properly cleaned implants may re-osseointegrate [3]. When the foreign materials are implanted in the human body, they encounter a hostile corrosive environment comprising of various media such as blood, water, Na, Cl, plasma, amino acids, and mucin in saliva [13] Inorganic metal oxide such as titanium oxide (TiO2) and its alloys are commonly used in dental implants due to its favourable biocompatibility and mechanical properties. This review aims to discuss the potential effect of these contaminants on Ti dental implants
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