Constructing membership in the in-group

The aim was to examine the relationship between level of education, lifestyle, and morbidity in two groups of male white collar workers, and to determine whether any differences found could be related to objective differences in working conditions. The study was a survey of a random sample of commercial travellers and a sample of men with sedentary occupations, representing two different groups of white collar workers. Survey interviews were conducted during the annual compulsory medical examination. Subjects were classified into three levels of education and differences according to level of education were studied in relation to 40 frequent health problems, lifestyle variables, body mass index, height, and working conditions. There were 1364 men in the commercial traveller group, mean age 39.5 years, and 525 men in the sedentary group, mean age 36.2 years. There were 22 exclusions because of unclassifiable levels of education and four refused to be interviewed. The study took place in 11 towns in France. When age was taken into account there were only minor differences in the prevalence of health disorders. Lifestyle variables and height were clearly related to the level of education. Observed differences could not be explained by constraints or declared difficulties in working conditions. Differences in health practices related to level of education are observed even in groups that are relatively homogeneous socially. Lifestyle may be important as an intermediate determinant of health disorders among less educated people.

White-collar workers, with tremendous work pressure, excessive working hours, and poor physical condition, need green spaces not only to have physical exercise and social gatherings, but also to become closer to nature and to relieve stress for their mental health. In China, the 996 office schedule, working from 09:00 to 17:00 six days a week, has become popular in the workplace; under such high-intensity work and pressure, white-collar workers have limited time to access green space for leisure, and their use of green space for health benefits is compromised. This study selected Shenzhen Futian Central Business District to find out the green space use patterns and preferences of white-collar workers based on GPS data and questionnaire surveys. In addition, the value of green exposure in the time dimension was calculated according to individuals’ actual behaviors. Based on cluster analysis, this study summarized the typical green space use patterns of three groups of white-collar workers, which reflects the hidden inequity of white-collar groups who are subjected to varying degrees of spatiotemporal constraints in using green space. This paper puts forward three directions for the optimization of green space allocation, functional facilities, and improved walkability in employment-intensive urban areas. The results provide certain guiding significance for alleviating the mismatch of time and space in green space enjoyment and for improving the spatiotemporal inclusiveness of green spaces in urban central business districts.

This research examines hypotheses about the efficient and strategic uses of social networks by a specific group of white collar workers. We examine existing theory that relates network structure to performance and put forward two new hypotheses. The first addition merges explore/exploit theory with social networks, proposing that optimal network characteristics evolve over the course of a career from those favoring exploration to those favoring exploitation of knowledge and relationships. The second concerns efficient movement of information through a network, proposing that frequent short communication outperforms infrequent lengthy communication. Using a unique data set containing email patterns and accounting records for several dozen executive recruiters, we find statistically significant differences related to network (1) structure (2) flow and (3) age. Consistent with existing theory, more central position is associated with higher output. Consistent with the two proposed theories, exploration strategies among early career recruiters and exploitation strategies among senior recruiters are both positively associated with performance, while more frequent shorter messages are associated with higher output. Results of this research have the potential to create a more complete understanding of different types of efficiency associated with social networks.

To determine the prevalence of reported workplace bullying among a group of white-collar workers, to evaluate the association between reported bullying and its effect on health and to assess the effects of support at work for bullied workers. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey among full-time government employees in the health, education and security sectors. Bullying was assessed using a 20-item inventory. The potential effects of reported bullying were assessed using the Job Induced Stress Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale and the Propensity to Leave Scale. The response rate was 79% (944/1,200) and 877 questionnaires were analysed after exclusion of non-complete data. Of respondents, 55% (483) reported experiencing one or more types of bullying in the previous year and 47% (416) had witnessed the bullying of others. The bully was most likely to be a superior. Sixty per cent of victims had tried to take action against bullying, but most were dissatisfied with the outcome. There were significant differences in anxiety, depression, job-induced stress and support at work scores between those reporting bullying and those not reporting bullying at work. Those who reported bullying with low support at work had the poorest scores on the mental health scales. Bullying is a serious problem in this group of workers and may lead to health consequences. Feeling that the work environment is supportive appears to have a protective effect in terms of the health outcomes.

Incidence of type-2 diabetes mellitus in a large population of Japanese male white-collar workers

Purpose- Deception detection has gained increasing importance with the widespread use of digital communication and online platforms. While numerous studies have been conducted on deception detection in various languages, a significant gap remains in the availability of a Turkish-language dataset for detecting deceptive reviews. This study addresses this gap by creating a comprehensive dataset specifically for deception detection in Turkish hotel reviews, including real, fake, and AI-generated comments. The dataset aims to facilitate research on deception detection, enhance the reliability of user-generated content, and contribute to the development of automated methods for identifying deceptive texts. Methodology- The study included a dataset of 5,013 Turkish hotel reviews, including real reviews from Tripadvisor, fake reviews generated by humans, and fake reviews generated by AI using the OpenAI GPT API. The collected dataset underwent extensive preprocessing to ensure quality and reliability, including data cleaning, filtering criteria, and balancing the distribution of real and fake comments. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed to identify linguistic patterns and structural differences across these three categories. Specifically, linguistic features such as comment length, complexity, readability (measured using the Gunning Fog Index), and pronoun usage were examined. Findings- Real comments are longer and more detailed than fake and AI-generated comments, while fake comments are simpler and clearer, which supports deception detection studies in other languages. AI-generated comments frequently use the pronoun ‘we’, while fake comments tend to mimic personal experience with the pronoun ‘I’. In addition, the pronoun usage in real comments is more balanced and shows an authentic language structure. Conclusion- This study makes important contributions for fake comment detection by providing the first large-scale Turkish deception detection dataset. The findings can help businesses improve the credibility of online comments. Future work could focus on machine learning applications and comparisons with different languages. Keywords: Deception detection, Turkish dataset, text analysis, fake reviews, hotel reviews JEL Codes: C80, M10, D83

The executed study focuses its attention on the phenomenon of the language as the legitimation factor of cultural narratives and the space of metaphysics bases creation as the Western way of thinking grandnarrative. It scrutinizes the language role and status in the works by L. Wittgenstein and J. Derrida whose worldview systems differ greatly from the preceding metaphysic tradition and simultaneously preserve and inherit the classical principles of philosophizing. It has been proved that both philosophers have closeness of views in the matter of Western Philosophy genesis. The article emphasizes that L. Wittgenstein and J. Derrida have the same object of cognition, which is the postulate that there exist inviolable universals in a language structure: general rationalistic principles on the bases of which the whole system of Western Metaphysics is created. It has been demonstrated that within deconstructionism, as well as within L. Wittgenstein philosophy, different ways are used to confirm a language role as the specific instrument for expressing senses, which in the process of reality acquisition forwards semantic violence over it. The author considers that the main objective of the publication is to demonstrate the critical direction of the two conceptions concerning the language nature as the actual space for cultural narratives formation and the centerpiece for the creation of main metaphysical Western way of thinking senses. L. Wittgenstein and J. Derrida experience has great potential for understanding and solving contemporary humanitaristics key transformational problems. The article states that the tradition of own principles "revision", characteristic of the ХХ century philosophy, has different worldview grounds in different conceptions. But their common item is the recognition of the fact that these general universal principles are rooted, in the best part, in a language as a social way of thinking abstract model. In point of fact, in deconstructionism we deal not with basic ideas borrowings in a creative search of overcoming metaphysics, but with the so-called emanation of senses. At the advanced historical stage this phenomenon of emanation includes the actual experience of "overcoming" in the traditions set up by M. Heidegger, R. Karnap, L. Wittgenstein and acquires its utmost presentation in the works by J. Derrida.

Occupation, fibrinogen, and heart disease

This research study undertakes an exploratory and descriptive analysis to identify the differences and similarities between pronouns in the English and Urdu languages. Utilizing Lado’s Model of contrastive analysis (1957), the study systematically compares the structures of both languages, aiming to uncover how each handles pronouns across various categories: demonstrative, personal, possessive, reflexive, indefinite, and relative. Data is derived from intermediate-level grammar guides for both languages, supplemented by additional resources for thorough analysis. The findings reveal distinct patterns in pronoun usage, highlighting significant differences in gender representation, pluralization, and cultural nuances. For instance, English pronouns exhibit clear gender distinctions, while Urdu employs the same terms regardless of gender. Additionally, Urdu pronouns reflect varying degrees of formality and intimacy, which lack direct equivalents in English. These insights are critical for understanding the challenges faced by Urdu speakers learning English and can inform educators and curriculum developers in creating tailored instructional strategies. Overall, this study bridges theoretical frameworks with practical applications, contributing to the field of applied linguistics and enhancing the learning experience for students. Keywords: Contrastive analysis, English, Urdu, Pronouns

In order to bolster sustainable peacebuilding in violently divided societies, a normative suggestion is that efforts should be made to construct a shared public identity that overarches ethnic divisions. A number of different centripetal/transformationist processes are identified as engendering a shared identity in comparison to consociational arrangements, which are accused of institutionalizing ethnic differences and perpetuating conflict. These transformationist approaches essentially rest on the premise that since ethnicity is constructed it can be reconstructed into new shared forms. Looking at Northern Ireland, we argue there are limits to the extent that ethnicity can be reconstructed into shared identities. By analysing consociational and centripetalist/transformationist approaches to division, we conclude that although consociational arrangements will not deliver a common identity, they do provide the most robust form of conflict regulation.

ABSTRACT. In order to bolster sustainable peace building in violently divided societies, a normative suggestion is that efforts should be made to construct a shared public identity that overarches ethnic divisions. A number of different centripetal/transformationist processes are identified as engineering a shared identity in comparison to consociational arrangements, which are accused of institutionalising ethnic differences and perpetuating conflict. These transformationist approaches essentially rest on the premise that because ethnicity is constructed it can be reconstructed into new, shared forms. Looking at Northern Ireland, we argue that there are limits to the extent that ethnicity can be reconstructed into shared identities. By analysing consociational and centripetalist/transformationist approaches to division, we conclude that although consociationalism will probably not deliver a common identity, it does provide a robust form of conflict regulation.

Risks, survival and trends of malignant melanoma among white and blue collar workers in Sweden.

Language and speech are the primary source of data for psychiatrists to diagnose and treat mental disorders. In psychosis, the very structure of language can be disturbed, including semantic coherence (e.g., derailment and tangentiality) and syntactic complexity (e.g., concreteness). Subtle disturbances in language are evident in schizophrenia even prior to first psychosis onset, during prodromal stages. Using computer-based natural language processing analyses, we previously showed that, among English-speaking clinical (e.g., ultra) high-risk youths, baseline reduction in semantic coherence (the flow of meaning in speech) and in syntactic complexity could predict subsequent psychosis onset with high accuracy. Herein, we aimed to cross-validate these automated linguistic analytic methods in a second larger risk cohort, also English-speaking, and to discriminate speech in psychosis from normal speech. We identified an automated machine-learning speech classifier - comprising decreased semantic coherence, greater variance in that coherence, and reduced usage of possessive pronouns - that had an 83% accuracy in predicting psychosis onset (intra-protocol), a cross-validated accuracy of 79% of psychosis onset prediction in the original risk cohort (cross-protocol), and a 72% accuracy in discriminating the speech of recent-onset psychosis patients from that of healthy individuals. The classifier was highly correlated with previously identified manual linguistic predictors. Our findings support the utility and validity of automated natural language processing methods to characterize disturbances in semantics and syntax across stages of psychotic disorder. The next steps will be to apply these methods in larger risk cohorts to further test reproducibility, also in languages other than English, and identify sources of variability. This technology has the potential to improve prediction of psychosis outcome among at-risk youths and identify linguistic targets for remediation and preventive intervention. More broadly, automated linguistic analysis can be a powerful tool for diagnosis and treatment across neuropsychiatry.

Inequalities in health and mortality between white and blue collar workers have been well documented in western countries, particularly among men. Studies regarding occupation related mortality disparities in Asian populations including Chinese are limited. We included 74,941 40-70 years old Chinese women from the Shanghai Women's Health Study (SWHS) in an analysis of occupation and mortality. An in-person interview was conducted at enrolment to obtain lifetime job history as well as lifestyle and other potential risk factors for each participant. Each job title was coded in three digits according to the Chinese National Standard Occupation and Industry Codes Manual, and the categories of white and blue collar work were defined based on this coding. The information on mortality was provided by annual linkage to the Shanghai Vital Statistics Registry. Cox regression models were applied to evaluate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. In comparison with lifetime white collar workers, lifetime blue collar workers had 18% excess in all cause-mortality (HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.04-1.34) and 12% excess in cancer deaths (HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.93-1.35) after adjustment for lifestyle and other potential risk factors. A significantly increased risk was also associated with mortality from diabetes (HR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.06-3.37). There were no statistically significant differences in mortality between white and blue collar workers for other causes of death including circulatory, respiratory, gastrointestinal or other diseases among this population. Our study provides suggestive evidence that blue collar workers may have a higher risk of total cancer mortality compared to white collar workers among women in Shanghai. Citation Format: Bu-Tian Ji. Cancer and all-cause mortality among white and blue collar workers in middle-aged and elderly chinese women in a prospective cohort study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3437.

Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu is the Zulu version of a traditional African aphorism (Shutte, 1993:46). Although with considerable loss of culture-specific meaning, it can be translated as: “A human being is a human being through (the otherness of) other human beings.” Still, its meaning can be interpreted in various ways of which I would like to highlight only two, in accordance with the grammar of the central concept ‘Ubuntu’ which denotes both a state of being and one of becoming. Firstly, it can be interpreted as a statement of fact about the human condition, i.e. as a descriptive claim about the social nature of human being and personal identity; even the constitutive relation between alterity and identity. Secondly, it can also be interpreted as a value-judgement, i.e. as a normative appreciation of social difference and human diversity; even as an imperative to expose ourselves to others, to encounter the difference of their humanness, in order to fully become our own. The meaning would then be — to paraphrase a translation of Ramose (1995: 237, 238): To be human is to affirm one’s humanity by recognising the humanity of others in its infinite variety of content and form. This interpretation is probably closer to the traditional wisdom expressed in the aphorism in question. The intended meaning, however, its presuppositions and implications taken as a philosopheme, remains elusive — at least if we try to grasp it in the standardised conceptual categories of our Western ways of thinking. Nevertheless, my intuition is that this aphorism may provide us with a factual description and a rule of conduct which corresponds to the conceptual difficulties one encounters when one attempts a philosophical interpretation of the multi-cultural reality of (post)apartheid South Africa. To attempt such an interpretation is nonetheless of urgent importance for the self-understanding and social well-being of our society. This is not the place to recall the major events and crises of recent South African political history. Suffice to say that only two years ago it was not unreasonable for many of us to expect the worst possible scenario, a massive civil and ethnic war, the Southern African counterpoint to Bosnia and Rwanda. In retrospect, it is clear that we escaped this fate — at least for a moment in history — not only because of the compromising negotiations of politicians, but also — or even more so — because of the unexpected emergence of an ethos of solidarity amongst ordinary South Africans of all colours, creeds and cultures, a commitment to peaceful co-existence in the absence of uniformity. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that this ethos of solidarity is frail and extremely difficult to uphold once the full implications of our diversity, the recognition of different languages, histories, values and customs are to be realised in various spheres of life. Within a multi-cultural democracy the various ethnic and socio-cultural differences are not blurred, but intensified both because of legitimate claims to institutionalisation on the one hand, and their easy political exploitation on the other hand. Given the fact that South Africa has always been a multi-cultural society one would have expected a rich and strong tradition of philosophical reflection on diversity and the related issues which were forced onto the agenda of philosophy