Abstract
In this study, an emotion system was developed and installed on smartphones to enable them to exhibit emotions. The objective of this study was to explore factors that developers should focus on when developing emotional machines. This study also examined user attitudes and emotions toward emotional messages sent by machines and the effects of emotion systems on user behavior. According to the results of this study, the degree of attention paid to emotional messages determines the quality of the emotion system, and an emotion system triggers certain behaviors in users. This study recruited 124 individuals with more than one year of smartphone use experience. The experiment lasted for two weeks, during which time participants were allowed to operate the system freely and interact with the system agent. The majority of the participants took interest in emotional messages, were influenced by emotional messages and were convinced that the developed system enabled their smartphone to exhibit emotions. The smartphones generated 11,264 crucial notifications in total, among which 76% were viewed by the participants and 68.1% enabled the participants to resolve unfavorable smartphone conditions in a timely manner and allowed the system agent to provide users with positive emotional feedback.
Highlights
Human interactions have gradually evolved toward diverse methods of interaction beyond conventional in-person ones
The experimental findings of this study indicate that compared with the participants’ interest in emotional messages, the degree of attention paid by them to emotional messages more substantially affected their perception of whether their machine had emotions
Developers should focus on enhancing such attention to make users more willing to receive emotional messages or even click on the agent voluntarily to receive emotional messages
Summary
Human interactions have gradually evolved toward diverse methods of interaction beyond conventional in-person ones. The human–machine interface plays a crucial role in the diversified interactions between humans and machines, especially in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), by enabling information exchange between humans and machines [1]. The high rates of smartphone ownership indicate that smartphone use has become widespread in daily life [2]. In the IoT era, wearable technology is in a rapid growth phase and has attracted increasing attention from both industry and academia over the past decade [4]. The use of wearable devices and IoT services in people’s daily lives is increasing, and individuals are exposed to diverse software and hardware services. An important objective of human–machine interaction, especially in the field of machine emotion expression, is to make the behavior of a machine more similar to that of a human [5]
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