Constraint preserving boundary conditions for the Baumgarte–Shapiro–Shibata–Nakamura formulation in spherical symmetry

Abstract

We introduce a set of constraint preserving boundary conditions for the Baumgarte–Shapiro–Shibata–Nakamura formulation of the Einstein evolution equations in spherical symmetry, based on its hyperbolic structure. While the outgoing eigenfields are left to propagate freely off the numerical grid, boundary conditions are set to enforce that the incoming eigenfields donʼt introduce spurious reflections and, more importantly, that there are no fields introduced at the boundary that violate the constraint equations. In order to do this we adopt two different approaches to set boundary conditions for the extrinsic curvature, by expressing either the radial or the time derivative of its associated ingoing eigenfield in terms of the constraints. We find that these boundary conditions are very robust in practice, allowing us to perform long lasting evolutions that remain accurate and stable, and that converge to a solution that satisfies the constraints all the way to the boundary.