Constitutive model for swelling properties of unsaturated bentonite buffer materials during saturation

Abstract

Bentonite-based materials are candidate buffer materials for the geological disposal of radioactive waste in many countries. Once the disposal facility is closed and the groundwater level recovers, the buffer will gradually become saturated by the infiltration of groundwater. The swelling properties of saturated bentonite affect the distribution of dry density and the stress state within the buffer. Therefore, to evaluate the long-term safety of the buffer, a model must be developed that can continuously express the mechanical behavior of bentonite from the construction and operation of the repository for disposal (the unsaturated state) to the resaturation phase (saturated state). In this study, the existing elastoplastic constitutive model for saturated expansive soils was extended to predict the mechanical response in the unsaturated state. In formulating this model, the effective degree of saturation and the plastic volumetric strain were employed as the hardening parameters to express the changes in stiffness and swelling properties due to desaturation or saturation. In addition, a method was proposed for estimating the material parameters added to the expanded constitutive model. This study demonstrated the validity of the proposed constitutive model and the parameter estimation method by comparing the results of simulations with those of laboratory tests.