Conservation of Lisbon’s historic centre in the context of emerging cultural heritage reconstruction concepts

The historic city centre of Lhasa has preserved special types of historic and cultural heritage for various reasons, including strong religious beliefs, preservation policy, and slow globalisation. In addition to visual cultural heritage, the sound environment represents a cultural heritage that requires preservation. This paper presents an analysis of the sound environment of Lhasa's historic city centre based on field investigations and soundwalk measurements during the tourism high season. First, Lhasa's historic urban form and cultural background are introduced. Second, the relationship between the historic urban space and the sounds is investigated according to the sound sources. The sound taxonomy and the cultural meanings of these sounds are examined and identified. Third, the sound environments are evaluated from the perspectives of sound sources and sound changes with time and frequency. The sound pressure level is found to be high in the historic centre, which might affect the sound sources associated with cultural identities. Additionally, significant variations within the centre—both spatial and temporal—that are indentified in the sound pressure levels and spectrums are reflected in the characteristics of local daily life and social activities. Finally, comparisons are made between Lhasa's historic centre and a number of other historic centres and squares. Possible implications of the results and principles of soundscape preservation are also discussed, based on the case study of Lhasa.

Preparation of present article was aiming to try to answer the following questions: why the responsible business conduct in the Republic of Kazakhstan needs to include the protection of tangible cultural heritage. Authors consider legal aspects of protection of cultural heritage of Kazakhstan, its international obligations in it to the sphere and the status of objects of material cultural heritage in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the level of UNESCO, the Republic of Kazakhstan has numerous official international obligations in protection of material cultural and natural heritage, which both the state and private organizations need to observe strictly. This system of the international obligations is complemented with the local legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan directed to preservation of objects of cultural and natural heritage. Additionally, this work will list the basic recommendations, following of which is going to guarantee the protection and conservation of tangible cultural heritage sites, as well as save the representatives of the business sphere from various risks and associated financial losses related to the damaging and destruction of tangible cultural heritage sites. In addition to compliance with Kazakhstani and international legislative bases in the field of protection and use of tangible cultural heritage, the most socially responsible organizations can also organize their own events to raise awareness of their employees about the need to protect tangible cultural heritage.Key words: responsible business conduct, cultural heritage, protection, conservation, legislation.

I. INTRODUCTION II. CULTURAL & NATURAL HERITAGE: AN OVERVIEW A. Cultural Heritage B. Natural Heritages C. Nature Conservation Strategies Worldwide D. The Links Between Cultural and Natural Heritage E. Characteristics of Sites of Overlapping Cultural & Natural Heritage III. The Present and Future of Integrated Cultural & Natural Heritage Management A. Challenges Posed to Protecting Cultural and Natural Heritage B. Existing Legal/Regulatory Efforts to Protect Cultural and Natural Heritage 1. Developed Countries a. The United States b. The European Union (1) England (a) National Parks (b) Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (c) Conservation Areas (2) Dartmoor National Park (a) The Dartmoor Local Plan (b) Local Plan Aims (c) Local Plan Landscapes c. Canada 2. Developing Countries a. China b. Brazil IV. CONCLUSION A. Why Integrate Cultural and Natural Heritage Protection? B. Bridging Boundaries for Mutual Gain I. INTRODUCTION Formal legal efforts to protect cultural and natural heritage are not a modern phenomenon. In the developed and developing worlds, regional, state, and local governments undertake efforts to protect their cultural heritage and their natural resources. Most cultural and natural resource protection regimes, however, have evolved independently of one another. This is only recently beginning to change. As scholars, regulators, and activists increasingly recognize the links and overlap between areas of cultural and natural heritage, they are beginning to come together to develop new regimes for joint cultural and environmental protection. These early efforts jointly to protect cultural and natural heritage vary significantly in character and success. These variations reflect a still vague and evolving understanding of the interplay between culture and nature, the relationship between public and private land ownership, and significant regional differences in existing legal regimes, economic development, and environmental agendas. Further, there is currently very little comprehensive research examining global efforts to develop heritage protection areas that integrate both cultural and natural resource conservation. There is even less research analyzing how relationships between land ownership and social conceptions of culture and nature impact the development of future cultural and natural heritage programs. The goal of this paper is to contribute to and encourage the development of innovative, interdisciplinary approaches for the protection, preservation, and enhancement of natural and cultural heritage areas. The second section of this paper examines traditional notions and regulatory regimes for cultural and natural heritage protection, and delves into the links between cultural and natural heritage. Section three analyzes existing cultural heritage and environmental/natural protection laws, and provides examples of joint cultural and natural heritage preservation efforts. In particular, section three considers how current and prospective joint cultural and natural heritage protection efforts in developed and developing countries contribute to the social and economic development of communities and regions, and advance the principles of sustainable development by strengthening the historical continuity of a place and its people, and by guiding development in ways consistent with the characteristics of these cultural and natural resources. Additionally, section three examines case studies in the United States, Europe, Canada, Brazil, and China to demonstrate the challenges and critical elements integral to developing innovative and sustainable cultural and natural heritage preservation schemes. …

The article deals with the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands under international agreements. It highlights the concept of the cultural and natural heritage of wetlands, and then discusses the protection of the world cultural heritage of wetlands within the framework of UNESCO. The article also identifies cultural values under the Ramsar Convention. It focuses on the assessment of international protection of world cultural and natural heritage in wetlands. Finally, the article refers to the World Heritage of the Wilderness Wetlands. The article contributes to clarifying the absence of an independent legal framework for the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands. The Study concluded that international agreements do not establish explicit international obligations on states. Hence the need for an international convention dedicated to the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands. The study also concluded that there is no judicial mechanism to limit the deterioration of cultural heritage in wetlands.

The architectural cultural heritage is of great importance for the sustainability of cities and their historic centres. A significant part of it consists of residential buildings, rows of townhouses and houses built according to local building traditions, filling streets and squares. The main aim of the study was to explore the significance of this unique, traditional and uniform development as a carrier of historical and social cultural values and an identifier of the city. Using selected examples of cities where residential buildings with specific characteristics have been preserved, their value for cultural heritage and sustainable development is analyzed, as well as various models of revitalization efforts, taking into account local traditions and needs. Attention was also paid to the impact of multi-tracking and interdisciplinarity on revitalisation outcomes, analysing the action models in the selected centres in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. In addition to tangible cultural heritage, the issue of intangible heritage and their interrelationships was also taken into account. The research revealed the very high value of the historic, residential architecture, which, together with the urban layout, is an important part of the architectural cultural heritage. Attention was also drawn to the fact that this part of the architectural heritage is often neglected. The studies have also shown the great role of local authorities and conservation organisations, urban communities and the necessity of multi-track and interdisciplinary, well-planned revitalisation measures. The research allowed the formulation of some general principles that should be taken into account in the revitalisation process. However, it was found that each city or town has different building traditions, a different degree of preservation of historic architecture and different opportunities. Therefore, it is not possible to create a ready-made, universal programme for historic preservation. Nevertheless, it is of great importance to promote good models, especially when it comes to residential architecture, which is often undervalued and neglected, but has very great potential.

Метою статті є аналіз становлення та розвитку пам’яткоохоронного законодавства в Україні.
 Наукова новизна статті полягає в аналізі основних законодавчих і підзаконних актів України, завдяки яким відбулося реформування сфери охорони культурної спадщини в Україні та приведення її у відповідність до міжнародних норм і стандартів.
 Висновки. У законодавчому забезпеченні охорони культурної спадщини України можна до певної міри умовно виділити кілька етапів. Перший розпочався із прийняттям Декларації про державний суверенітет України від 16 липня 1990 р., яка започаткувала зміну державних підходів до культурної спадщини України, задекларувавши культурне відродження українського народу й необхідність повернення національних, культурних та історичних цінностей України, що знаходяться за її межами. Водночас базовим актом стали Основи законодавства України про культуру від 14 лютого 1992 р. Саме Основи законодавства України про культуру визначили правові засади діяльності органів публічної влади у сфері охорони культурної спадщини, а також започаткували процес формування Державного реєстру національного культурного надбання. Конституція України від 28 червня 1996 р. більш послідовно, у порівнянні з Конституцією УРСР, забезпечила гарантії культурних прав громадян та обов’язки держави щодо охорони культурної спадщини. На цьому етапі було ратифіковано ряд міжнародних актів у сфері охорони культурної спадщини, а також прийнято національні законодавчі й підзаконні акти, спрямовані на імплементацію цих норм у національне законодавство України, зокрема Закон України «Про вивезення, ввезення та повернення культурних цінностей» від 21 вересня 1999 р. Другий етап розпочався з ухваленням Закону України «Про охорону культурної спадщини» від 8 червня 2000 р., в якому враховані основні тенденції міжнародно-правового забезпечення охорони культурної спадщини, зокрема положення Конвенції ЮНЕСКО про охорону всесвітньої культурної і природної спадщини 1972 р. Законом урегульовані права та обов’язки суб’єктів охорони культурної спадщини, а також порядок формування Державного реєстру нерухомих пам’яток України за категоріями національного й місцевого значення. На цьому етапі ухвалені й такі важливі нормативні акти, як Закон України «Про охорону археологічної спадщини» від 18 березня 2004 р. і Загальнодержавна програма збереження та використання об’єктів культурної спадщини на 2004–2010 роки, затверджена Законом України від 20 квітня 2004 р. Третій етап розпочався з ухваленням Закону України «Про культуру» від 14 грудня 2010 р. і триває донині. На цьому етапі ухвалено ряд важливих змін до законодавства, спрямованих на приведення українського пам’яткоохоронного законодавства до міжнародних норм і стандартів, зокрема щодо збереження пам’яток культурної спадщини, включених до Списку всесвітньої спадщини ЮНЕСКО.

Hanzas Perons is a former warehouse in Riga, Latvia, which was initially planned to be demolished but has been rebuilt as a concert hall and become a significant cultural venue. The building is not a listed architectural monument, but it is located in the protected zone of Riga’s historical centre, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Unfortunately, more than 1,000 historical buildings in the city are gradually collapsing. For this reason, it is important to emphasise adaptive reuse, and Hanzas Perons is one of the rare examples of this. The objective of this article is to explore how cultural and historical heritage can be used in the context of adaptive reuse, with the aim of creating a more prosperous urban environment and sense of place within the formation of city identity. This case study is divided into four themed parts: (1) cultural heritage and architecture; (2) adaptive reuse as part of the process of preservation of cultural goods; (3) architecture, communication and creation of experiences; and (4) opportunities for city branding. One of the main findings is the importance of the client, who makes the decision on whether the building will be redeployed, what level of quality of the architecture has and what the strategic vision is for its use. Another is the role of relevant positioning of the building, shaping an image of a unique environmental and cultural destination. The study is significant, as it demonstrates it is possible to appreciate the value of such buildings, and, by transforming them, to create new meanings and opportunities. Visitors have the opportunity to gain experiences, but the building itself can also be embraced in city brand communication, in order to emphasise Riga's rich cultural and architectural heritage and professional approach to adaptive reuse. Paper type: Literature review/case study.KeywordsCultural heritageCity identityCity brandingAdaptive reuseSense of belongingCommunication

<p>Landslides represent a major threat in Madagascar, especially in the central and eastern regions during the rainy season (from November thru May), when heavy rains from tropical storms and cyclones saturate the soil making mountains and hillsides more susceptible to slope instability phenomena. The capital Antananarivo has been particularly affected by geo-hydrological risks in the last years, with special regards to the March 2015 event, when cyclones triggered diffuse flooding and landslides causing damages, casualties and over 20000 evacuees. Antananarivo area is characterized by the most important historical and cultural heritages in Madagascar, such as the ancient fortifications and palaces at Ambohimanga (located just 20 km north of the town area), protected as an UNESCO World Heritage site since 2001, and the Rova of Antananarivo royal palace complex. Antananarivo was called Analamanga (the "blue forest"), until 1610, when the merina King Andrianjaka built his palace on the highest hill of the city, and built the first Rova (meaning “fort” in Malagasy) to post a garrison of 1000 man. Antananarivo developed from the site of the first Rova at the top of Analamanga hill at about 1480 m a.s.l., becoming the current historical core (the Upper town or the “Haute Ville”), gradually spreading over the whole Analamanga hill slopes (Middle town or the “Ville Moyen”).</p><p>In October 2017, a geo-hydrological hazard mapping was performed in the Upper Town by combining field surveys, remote sensing and geomatic data analysis. The output of the performed activities consisted in the creation of a detailed geodatabase, which by means of geomatics methods was integrated with field data, topographic data, high resolution digital terrain models (2 and 1 m spatial resolution), very high resolution optical satellite images (Pleiades-1A with 0.5 m resolution) and homogenized in a Geographic Information System (GIS). This geodatabase represents a fundamental tool for susceptibility, hazard and risk assessment/management activities to be performed in the Antananarivo hill area for a proper management of its cultural and historical heritages.</p>

<p>Some countries have proven to be advanced by managing their historical and cultural heritage and promoting it internationally. Japan and South Korea are living examples, who transform the war site not only into national defense heritage but also bring it to the international level. The management of historical heritage is crucial to enhance people's awareness of the importance of national defense. However, many of Indonesia's historical relics are still neglected or poorly managed, even though many historical and cultural heritages have the potential to become tourist attractions. This article aims to discuss how to manage Indonesian historical and cultural heritage to enhance nationalism and patriotism. Proper management of historical and cultural heritage will increase the love of the motherland. The research method is done by a qualitative research method as well as literature studies. This study proves that the management of culture and historical heritage of Indonesia, especially those related to the national struggle, is still largely ignored. Moreover, Indonesia even lacks in managing its historical and cultural heritage. Therefore, Indonesia has to improve the management of its cultural and historical heritage so that it can be promoted to the global world as an object of tourism to increase the nationalism of the younger generation.</p>

Before and after Climate Change: The Snow Country in Australian Imaginaries

The article is dedicated to the study of the role of public administration mechanisms in tourism development and their impact on historical heritage recognition. The aim of this article is to determine the mechanisms for public administration of tourism development and how this affects the recognition of historical heritage. The article analyses the scientific literature on this issue. The article provides statistical data on damage to historical heritage as a result of Russian aggression. It is noted that today cultural and historical heritage is actively used to organise various types of cognitive tourism. An important component of cultural and historical recreational resources of a particular region is its historical and cultural heritage. According to the authors, historical heritage should be considered in conjunction with cultural and historical heritage, as history and culture are complementary elements. Preserving cultural and historical heritage sites is important for the tourism sector development. In this case, public administration mechanisms of the tourism sector and its impact on the preservation of historical heritage are of great importance.

A Novel Paradigm to Achieve Sustainable Regeneration in Historical Centres with Cultural Heritage

Brazilian historical cities face the challenge of developing urban mobility plans, preserving the historical and cultural heritage and preserving the original urban characteristics. A plausible solution to reduce the impacts of the flow of goods in historical cities is to investigate different deliveries systems to reduce the externalities of this activity. This paper presents the results of a survey that identified the factors involved in the implementation of an Urban Distribution Centre (UDC) in Sabara (Brazil), considering modes non-motorized to perform the delivery in historic centres. For this, we identified the perception of retailers concerning historical and technical attributes. We analysed the data using descriptive statistics. The results indicate that lack of attractiveness of UDC, considering the point of view of retailers located in historic city centre. However, we identify the need to explore solutions for urban delivery in Brazilian historical cities to preserve historic heritage.

The role of culture in Caribbean Community’s (CARICOM’s) agenda is claimed to be very important. The CARICOM Secretariat has a culture program, aiming to strengthen the creativity of people. CARICOM annually manages the Caribbean Festival of Arts (CARIFESTA). A huge issue is that of the cultural restitutions. Most CARICOM Member States have become States Parties to International Conventions related to cultural heritage. Sadly, all international Conventions concerning protection of cultural heritage do not have retroactive effect. There is also a CARICOM commission on reparations for slavery and native genocide against the governments of Britain, France and the Netherlands, the transatlantic slave trade, between the 16th to 19th centuries, being much associated with the Caribbean heritage. Languages are important for the cultural identity of people. It may be stated on CARICOM’s site that “Our languages are part of the legacy of the various civilisations from which our ancestors came”, but it is also stated that “[f]or many member states, the English Language is a major unifying factor”. Indigenous languages should be of more concern to CARICOM. The creation of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) in 2005, is considered very important toward the Caribbean integration and thus, also to the protection of the region’s culture and cultural heritage – important part of their identity. However, only 4 Member States so far have accepted the CCJ as their Highest Court of Appeal. CARICOM should be more active in regard to the protection of culture and cultural heritage of its Member States.

The historic centre of a town is its oldest and original core. It needs special protection in order to ensure the conservation of its historical, artistic and environmental heritage. In Italy, the definition of historic centres and the protection of their cultural heritage evolved in time, up to the current special attention for the historical aspects. The main threats to historical centres are real estate speculation and mass tourism. The purpose of this study is to catalog and monitor historic centers over time, in the context of urban planning. High-resolution satellite images and geographic information systems (GIS) offer new tools for urban planning and also for cultural heritage themes. “Real time” evaluation of urban structures, cartographic updating, monitoring of the progress of major works, with particular regard to cultural heritage, are made possible by the use of high-resolution images, which facilitate the identification of changes in urban and non-urban areas. The technique of Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) has been used for image analysis and interpretation. OBIA allows a good interpretation of the scene captured by sensors thanks to classification-based segmentation and extraction of complete objects and their topological relations. This yields to a classification similar to the output of human photo-interpreter, but with a better reproducibility and homogeneity. In this paper we describe, through an application example, the potentiality and the difficulties of this technique and some results. The whole information obtained from segmented and categorized satellite images has been structured in a proper GIS, so that it can be overlaid with other environmental data. Information structuring and special metaheuristic analyses allow to study and monitor historic centers and cultural heritage. This methodology allows to identify the places at risk that need priority restoration; moreover it allows to keep track of changes that occurred over time