Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) expressed great potentials for offering a feasible alternative to conventional photovoltaic technologies. 2D/3D hybrid PSCs, where a 2D capping layer is used over the 3D film to avoid the instability issues associated with perovskite film, have been reported with improved stabilities and high power conversion efficiencies (PCE). However, the profound analysis of the PSCs with prolonged operational lifetime still needs to be described further. Heading towards efficient and long-life PSCs, in-depth insight into the complicated degradation processes and charge dynamics occurring at PSCs' interfaces is vital. In particular, the Au/HTM/perovskite interface got a substantial consideration due to the quest for better charge transfer; and this interface is debatably the trickiest to explain and analyze. In this study, multiple characterization techniques were put together to understand thoroughly the processes that occur at the Au/HTM/perovskite interface. Inquest analysis using current–voltage (I–V), electric field induced second harmonic generation (EFISHG), and impedance spectroscopy (IS) was performed. These techniques showed that the degradation at the Au/HTM/perovskite interface significantly contribute to the increase of charge accumulation and change in impedance value of the PSCs, hence resulting in efficiency fading. The 3D and 2D/3D hybrid cells, with PCEs of 18.87% and 20.21%, respectively, were used in this study, and the analysis was performed over the aging time of 5000 h. Our findings propose that the Au/HTM/perovskite interface engineering is exclusively essential for attaining a reliable performance of the PSCs and provides a new perspective towards the stability enhancement for the perovskite-based future emerging photovoltaic technology.
Highlights
The perovskite layer[7,8]
After the first 2500 h, the power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of the 2D/3D hybrid samples decreased to 12.04%, to 8.60% in the 2500 h while the value of their Voc did not decrease as opposed to the Voc of 3D Perovskite solar cells (PSCs); and the reduction in the PCE of 2D/3D PSCs was much slower as compared to the 3D PSCs
The degradation of 2D and 2D/3D hybrid PSCs were studied after aging tests conducted throughout 5000 h
Summary
The perovskite layer[7,8]. This restricts electron/hole recombination and, at the same time, resists moisture, increasing the stability of PSCs. The 2D perovskite layers have been in the spotlight (as capping layers) due to their remarkable moisture resistance property Employing it as a passivating layer over the 3D perovskite emerged as a potential source of stability enhancement in PSCs with a moderate device p erformance[2,15,16,17,18,19]. Ahmad et al.[15] compared the stability of 3D PSCs with the layer by layer 2D/3D hybrid PSCs by electric field induced second harmonic generation (EFISHG) and impedance spectroscopy (IS) techniques under light and heat soaking conditions Their results show that a layer-by-layer 2D/3D hybrid structure is more stable than the 3D perovskite cells. Our understanding obtained from the present study can provide the direction for a more critical assessment of PSCs stability
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