Confucian modernity in the architecture of Penang's Chinese community

Abstract

This article investigates the distinctive architectural landscape of the Chinese community in Penang, emphasising the historical and cultural significance of structures such as Chung Ling High School in the early twentieth century. It explores how these edifices, often labelled as ‘architecture without architects’, epitomise a confluence of Chinese and Western influences, reflecting the concepts of Confucian modernity. The analysis critiques conventional interpretations of architectural modernity by underscoring the socio-spatial contexts and grassroots construction processes that define these buildings. It examines how these structures function as mediums for cultural exchange and societal transformation, shedding light on the hybrid identity and communal cohesion of the Chinese diaspora in Penang. Through a comprehensive analysis of the architectural evolution and the socio-cultural dynamics within the local Chinese community, the article seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of how architecture contributes to shaping the dynamics of China-Penang relations. By doing so, it challenges singular meta-narratives and emphasises the importance of comprehending local architectural history through diverse interactions. Furthermore, it serves as a call for re-evaluation and critical examination of the history of overseas Chinese architecture within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative.