Abstract
Radiation-induced color centers locally produced in lithium fluoride (LiF) are successfully used for radiation detectors. LiF detectors for extreme ultraviolet radiation, soft and hard X-rays, based on photoluminescence from aggregate electronic defects, are currently under development for imaging applications with laboratory radiation sources, as well as large-scale facilities. Among the peculiarities of LiF-based detectors, noteworthy ones are their very high intrinsic spatial resolution across a large field of view, wide dynamic range, and versatility. LiF crystals irradiated with a monochromatic 8 keV X-ray beam at KIT synchrotron light source (Karlsruhe, Germany) and with the broadband white beam spectrum of the synchrotron bending magnet have been investigated by optical spectroscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy in fluorescence mode, and confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy. The 3D reconstruction of the distributions of the color centers induced by the X-rays has been performed with both confocal techniques. The combination of the LiF crystal capability to register volumetric X-ray mapping with the optical sectioning operations of the confocal techniques has allowed performing 3D reconstructions of the X-ray colored volumes and it could provide advanced tools for 3D X-ray detection.
Highlights
Lithium fluoride (LiF) is a radiation-sensitive material in which ionizing radiations, such as charged particles and photons (EUV, X-rays, and γ-rays), can efficiently generate primary and aggregate color centers (CCs) that are stable at room temperature
The 2D imaging LiF detectors rely on the photoluminescence of radiationinduced electronic defects, known as CCs, in particular F2 and F3 + defects, which consist of two electrons bound to two and three close anion vacancies, respectively
Commercial LiF crystals in the form of squared plates polished on both surfaces were irradiated at the synchrotron light source of KIT
Summary
Lithium fluoride (LiF) is a radiation-sensitive material in which ionizing radiations, such as charged particles (ions and electrons) and photons (EUV, X-rays, and γ-rays), can efficiently generate primary and aggregate color centers (CCs) that are stable at room temperature. The 2D imaging LiF detectors rely on the photoluminescence of radiationinduced electronic defects, known as CCs, in particular F2 and F3 + defects, which consist of two electrons bound to two and three close anion vacancies, respectively. These defects have almost overlapping broad absorption bands (M band) peaked at about 450 nm [1]. They exhibit two different Stokes-shifted broad emission bands in the green (F3 + ) and red (F2 ) spectral ranges [1].
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