Conflict entrepreneurship and rural banditry in Nigeria fourth republic

ObjectivesTo evaluate visual grading characteristics (VGC) and ordinal regression analysis during head CT optimisation as a potential alternative to visual grading assessment (VGA), traditionally employed to score anatomical visualisation.MethodsPatient images (n = 66) were obtained using current and optimised imaging protocols from two CT suites: a 16-slice scanner at the national Maltese centre for trauma and a 64-slice scanner in a private centre. Local resident radiologists (n = 6) performed VGA followed by VGC and ordinal regression analysis.ResultsVGC alone indicated that optimised protocols had similar image quality as current protocols. Ordinal logistic regression analysis provided an in-depth evaluation, criterion by criterion allowing the selective implementation of the protocols. The local radiology review panel supported the implementation of optimised protocols for brain CT examinations (including trauma) in one centre, achieving radiation dose reductions ranging from 24 % to 36 %. In the second centre a 29 % reduction in radiation dose was achieved for follow-up cases.ConclusionsThe combined use of VGC and ordinal logistic regression analysis led to clinical decisions being taken on the implementation of the optimised protocols. This improved method of image quality analysis provided the evidence to support imaging protocol optimisation, resulting in significant radiation dose savings.Main Messages• There is need for scientifically based image quality evaluation during CT optimisation.• VGC and ordinal regression analysis in combination led to better informed clinical decisions.• VGC and ordinal regression analysis led to dose reductions without compromising diagnostic efficacy.

is a basic concept, perhaps the basic concept, in social science and in social philosophy. Its meanings are many and varied, yet it is pre-eminent in discussions of man and his world. The editors of this book have selected material from many sources in an attempt to explore the meaning and relevance of the idea of as it is used in social science, political commentary, and general literature.The book is organized around four basic problems: What aspect of social life is community? What is the character of in different settings? What is the relationship of politics to community? What is the prospect for in today's changing world? To answer these questions, the editors have drawn from historical and contemporary sources in political philosophy, empirical social science, anthropology, sociology, history, political science, and ancient and modern literature (e.g., Isaac Bashevis Singer, C. P. Snow, Lawrence Durrell, and others)--all reflecting a broad spectrum of attitudes and approaches. Community is considered in both Western and non-Western societies. The editors introduce each chapter of the book with a critique and provide the reader with an informed general commentary.Including some of the classic statements on the meaning and importance of community while drawing upon new sources of insight, this book supplements courses relating to this central concept. Emphasizing the idea of as an aspect of social organization and political life, it is especially useful in political science and sociology courses dealing with local politics and the urban world.

Nowadays, the development of Digital Earth has made a tremendous impact on all aspects of human social life, and a series of effective work around Digital Earth, which attracted wide attention, have been carried out by people with different background. Meantime, exploitation of the popularized technology is constantly being mature with the development of Google Earth. However, users still have many difficulties in constructing and operating 3D scenes on web, because of the limitation of network speed. This paper aims to provide a more convenient method for the client users to interact with the 3D models, thus to promote popularization of Digital Earth technology and apply it in many aspects of social life. In this research, Ajax was utilized as a newly emerged network technology, since it could provide a good solution for application in developing of virtual reality technology based on Web. This paper analyzed the principles and key technologies of Ajax, explored how Ajax can be used in construction of interactive virtual reality scenes through case study, in order to enhance access speed of virtual scenes on Web page, and increase the authenticity, interactivity and extensibility of virtual scenes. This paper introduced the whole process of virtual model construction and proposed an efficient way to achieve interactive scene. The results showed that the combination of SAI (Scene Access Interface) method and Ajax technology could effectively save network bandwidth and enhance user experience, which laid the foundation for the development of virtual reality technology based on Web and the popularization of Digital Earth technology.

In answering the motivating question of this roundtable—How, if at all, has capitalism as an analytical category figured in your work?—I separate my approach from two opposed but equally extreme camps of left-leaning scholars working on postrevolutionary Iran. The first camp underestimates the actuality of capitalism in Iran. It takes as its frame of reference neoliberal capitalism in the context of the Global North and contrasts it to an Iranian political economy lacking both the hallmarks of political liberalism and a robust economy to extrapolate that postrevolutionary Iran is not truly capitalist, without explaining why classic capitalistic class relations are continuously reproduced there. By contrast, the second camp overestimates the reality of capitalism in Iran, claiming that all aspects of collective social and political life are, in fact, now essentially capitalistic. This perspective rejects the relative autonomy of the state, culture, and other aspects of social life and the necessity for historical explanation of social and political complexities. Instead, it considers postrevolutionary Iran a purely capitalistic formation and explains its economy and politics through the logic of capital alone, without acknowledging the real weaknesses of capitalist production found there.

How to Teach Italian History in a Clear and Simple Way The article discusses how Italian history can be presented to native and non-native learners in a clear and interesting way. After discussing how and why history textbooks can be obscure, difficult and demotivating, some general principles for writing more effective texts are presented. Examples are drawn from a book on Italian history, Che storia! (G. Pallotti, G. Cavadi, 2011). This book presents a succint account of over twenty centuries in little more than 150 pages. This is achieved by a drastic reduction of references to names, dates, specific events. Rather, special attention is given to aspects of social, economical and political life, which help the reader understand how people lived in a certain time and how some social dynamics are still relevant for understanding today’s world. These aspects of social life are presented in the form of very concrete details about how people lived, what they ate, how they worked. Such details aim at stimulating the reader’s interest, while at the same time illustrate the general character of an epoch. The article also tackles the problematic issue of finding the right balance between clarity and stylistic adequacy, leading to reading pleasure. These two legitimate objectives are sometimes in contrast with each other and authors should be aware of the choices they make and their consequences on a given population of readers.

The only treatment for coeliac disease is lifelong adherence to a rigorous gluten-free diet. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of coeliac disease on the social aspects of daily life of individuals in the U.S.A. The present study used a self-administered survey including the standard Quality of Life questionnaire (12-item short-form) with validated disease-specific questions. sas statistical software 2010 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, U.S.A.) was used to calculate the mean (SD). Individuals with coeliac disease overall had a low positive health perception. Validated diet and disease-specific questions revealed a significant negative impact on quality of life in social settings. Specifically, the areas of travel, dining out and family life are most affected. The negative impact of diet significantly decreased over time, although it did not resolve for the domains of dining out of the home and travel. Those diagnosed in childhood and maintained on the diet had less of an impact on the quality of life as an adult. Individuals with coeliac disease in the U.S.A. have a diminished quality of life, especially in the social aspects of life.

The increasing rate of poverty and unemployment in Nigeria has necessitated further efforts towards alternative means of reducing the trend, outside the government’s microeconomic mechanisms. As a sector with multiplier effects on other sectors of economy through its numerous activities, the construction sector is expected to reduce both poverty and unemployment. This study, therefore, examined the relationships between construction sector variables, poverty and unemployment rates in Nigeria. Using socio-economic data published by the Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics, United Nations Development Program and World Bank from 1981-2019, the study deployed an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to analyze the relationships between construction sector variables, poverty, and unemployment rates. It also used Granger causality test to determine the direction of causation between the variables under investigation. The results showed that there are both long-run and short-run dynamic relationships between poverty rate and construction sector variables (F-stat. (3.93) > upper (3.67) and lower (2.79)) bounds. It showed that no long-run balanced relationship exists between the unemployment rate and construction sector variables (F-stat. (2.01) < lower (2.79) and upper (3.67)) bounds. The result further revealed that there are significant and positive linear correlations between construction sector variables, poverty, and unemployment rates; except between construction output and poverty rate, where an insignificant linear relation was established. Nevertheless, the relationships could not result to direct causal effect, except a unidirectional Granger causal relationship that flows from government capital expenditure to construction service recurrent expenditure and construction output, and from construction service recurrent expenditure to construction output. Consequently, the study suggested that construction sector expenditure and output should be directed towards poverty and unemployment reduction. This could be done through the diversification and integration of all construction sub-sectors, particularly the private sector into the nation’s economic equation. Thus, this study would direct the paths of policy makers and construction planners towards the right construction policies and plans that would lead to reduction in unemployment and poverty rates with a long-term economic transformation in Nigeria.

The study assesses how entrepreneurial Skills Acquisition Programmes (ESAPs) contribute to job creation and poverty alleviation in Ondo State, Nigeria. Specifically, determined the difference in the contributions of specific ESAPs by the promoters to job creation; juxtaposed the effect of specific ESAPs by the promoters on poverty alleviation; and ascertained the effect of job creation through ESAPs on poverty alleviation. In achieving the objectives of the study, cross-sectional case study, comparative multiple cases and quantitative descriptive survey research design were adopted. Data were collected using structured questionnaire which were administered to 160 respondents selected from 10 active ESAPs in Ondo State out of the 20 programmes that have existed from the inception of the State to 2021 to source the primary data for the study. The responses from the questionnaire administered were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools which included frequency table; descriptive analysis statistical tables with mean and standard deviation, Analysis of Variance and Scheffe’s Pair wise multiple comparisons, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and regression to analyze the research questions and objectives. Analysis of Variance and Scheffe’s Pair wise multiple comparisons tests were used to analyze H01, Pearson Product Moment Correlation used to analyze H02 (promoter types contribution is insignificantly different to poverty alleviation) and regression coefficient was used to analyze H03 (job creation have no significant effect on poverty alleviation). The result indicated difference between the promoters and job creation shows significant differences in job creation among the three groups promoters (F2, 157) = 5.149, p < 0.05). The contributions between promoters of specific ESAPs and poverty alleviation shows there was significant differences in the contributions among the 3 promoter groups (F2, 157) = 8.365, p < 0.05). The result of relationship between job creation through ESAPs and poverty alleviation shows that job creation has significant influence on poverty alleviation with (β = 0.34, t = 4.545, p < 0.0005). The study concluded that the efforts of the promoters of specific Entrepreneurial skills Acquisition Programmes (investment, vocational and agriculture) have positive impacts on job creation in Ondo State, Nigeria. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that the contribution of Non-Governmental Organizations is more prominent in job creation therefore, the policy makers, Federal and State Governments should encourage more presence of genuine NGOS to contribute their mandate to job creation. The Federal and State Governments should ensure that adequate budgetary provisions are made to promote ESAPs to create more jobs and alleviate poverty.

To explore the trajectory of clinical symptoms and biomarkers in the last four weeks of life in terminally ill cancer patients. Observational study. Department of Oncology, Shijingshan hospital, Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, between January 2017 and January 2020. This study evaluated 173 terminally ill cancer patients. Seventeen symptoms and fifteen biomarkers were identified. For sequential analysis, the authors divided the final four weeks of life into four time periods from the date of death. Ordinal multiple logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between the changes in clinical parameters and the risk of death in a given period. Changes in clinical parameters across different time periods were evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Abnormal consciousness; elevated ECOG (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) scores, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) to creatinine ratio, C-reactive protein (CRP)-to-albumin ratio; and decreased platelet (PLT) counts were independent factors (p<0.05) for predicting closer death in the final month of life. All parameters above showed significant changes over time in the last month, although the starting time points for these changes varied. Abnormal consciousness, elevated ECOG scores, NLR, BUN-to-creatinine ratio, CRP-to-albumin ratio, and decreased PLT counts are potentially useful markers for approaching death in terminally ill cancer patients. These findings are valuable for understanding the biology of death in terminally ill cancer patients. And to some extent, they may help clinicians recognise that a patient will die in the near future. Cancer, Ordinal regression analysis, Death, Terminal illness, Biomarkers.

Body Mass Index Evaluating Donor Hepatic Steatosis in Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Increasing users is a challenge for shared micro-mobility services at the university, but it is necessary for achieving their full potential. Students with negative experiences with the campus bus service (termed unhappy campus bus riders) may be attracted to micro-mobility due to its flexibility, convenience, and support for sustainable transport goals. Thus, this study aims to evaluate unhappy bus riders’ willingness to use micro-mobility in different scenarios. An online questionnaire was prepared for data collection, with distinct sections designed to gather both revealed and stated preferences. Revealed preference was used to identify students with negative experiences on campus buses. Then, nine scenarios based on micro-mobility adoption barriers were presented in a stated preference section to gauge unhappy bus riders' willingness to use micro-mobility under hypothetical situations. By applying ordinal logit regression analysis on the survey data collected from 308 respondents living on the main campus of the National University of Malaysia, it is found that four out of seven types of bus experiences significantly affect unhappy bus riders’ willingness to use micro-mobility in three scenarios. The results from regression analyses proposed four separate ordinal logit models, each with a single type of negative experience as a predictor variable to calculate the likelihood of micro-mobility use in the future. We believe that the findings of our study can help the university's mobility department identify a new micro-mobility user segment. Consequently, they can devise specific strategies to promote micromobility options for students travelling short distances on campus.

Background: Rehabilitation of the substance misuse is a stage that is no less important than the main stage in the treatment of addiction, but rather it is considered complementary to it. The treatment phase of substance misuse is not worth anything if the addict suffers a relapse that causes him/her to revert back to the path of addiction, and this phase mainly aims to rehabilitate the substance misuse psychologically and socially. Objective: The purpose of the study is to assess the social and psychological life aspects of substance misuse clients who are at the rehabilitation phase at Erada and mental health clinic in Abha mental health hospital. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted in this study. The researcher used the systematic random sampling method to recruit a sample of 184 substance misuse clients who are at the rehabilitation phase at Erada and mental health clinic in Abha mental health hospital. To collect data, the study used the questionnaire that consisted of three parts: the socio-demographic part, the Psychological Functioning Scale and the Social Functioning Scales. Result: The results of the study showed that the total score of the psychological life aspects scale was (2.48±0.23). It was found that the greatest effect was for depression domain (2.6±0.50). Moreover, the study found that the total score of the social life aspects scale was (2.43±0.25). it was found that that the greatest effect was on risk-taking domain (2.5±0.48). Further, the study found that there were significant statistical differences in the social and psychological life aspects among the substance misuse clients who are at the rehabilitation phase referred to age, gender, marital status, type of misused substance, duration of substance misuse, unit of client, dose of misused substance, and withdrawal duration (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that depression, self-esteem, risk-taking and childhood problems were the main affected social and psychological life aspects among substance misuse clients who are at the rehabilitation phase. The study recommended increasing public awareness regarding the major psychosocial effects of addiction and design interventional programs to improve clients’ psychosocial adjustment levels.

This study aimed at assessing the Role of MSEs in creating employment and poverty reduction in Jima Genet district, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to analyze the role of MSE in employment creation and poverty reduction in the study area. Both quantitative and qualitative data were used. Secondary data was also collected from reports, journals, past research works, official documents and the internet. Non probability (purposive sampling) was used to determine the sample size and the determined sample size was selected by systematic sampling method from the population in the study area. The data was analyzed based on descriptive statistics such as percentages and graphs. In addition, econometric logit model was also used for explaining variables that affect the role of MSE. The results of the econometric logit model estimation revealed that production place, credit, access to train, market linkage and absence of experience in preparing business plan were found to be significant determinants for the role of micro and small enterprise in reducing poverty and employment creation. Based on the findings, the study recommended that Enterprises should train by professionals how to develop business plan; the culture of developing cooperation among members, government should improve system of giving production place and formal and informal association should be improved by taking the work of successful enterprises as examples; enterprises must develop sufficient marketing skills and diversified their product.

Problem and goal. The actual problem of digitalization means, degree and consequences of influence on fostering public and personal opinion in society is considered in the article. The purpose of the study was to show that digitalization is qualitatively changing some aspects of social life. Methodology. Determination of digitalization means, degree and consequences of influence on some aspects of social life was carried out by analysis of work results of some sites/portals devoted to events of World War II. Results. Digitalization nowadays is a process being quickly spread all around the world. It covers a wide range of human activities: business, industry, agriculture, education, healthcare, culture and social life. The process being very new, complex and challenging demands developing of a high (state) level strategy such as Industrie 4.0 - one of ten projects for State Hi-Tech Strategy of Germany up 2020 or Digital Economy of the Russian Federation. Moreover it becomes obvious that digitalization influences not only production but also society. In 2016 Japan released concept Society 5.0 - a large plan of social transformations. Interesting and remarkable results in fostering some aspects of social life were also reached in the Russian Federation during preparation of Great Victory 75th anniversary celebration. Conclusion. It is demonstrated that massive digitalization of personal archives (photos, documents, family/participant of events stories, eyewitness accounts) as well as access to archived data of state institutions and possibility to translate all information for free has fostered qualitatively new personal and social attitude to remarkable historical events.

Introduction. Globalization of the modern world includes various aspects of social life, in particular sports, which becomes a platform for inclusion, cultural exchange and economic development. The Paralympic movement is an important element of this transformation, as it promotes inclusion, overcomes stereotypes about disabilities and increases international cooperation. Analysis of the impact of globalization processes on the development of Paralympic sports is necessary for the formation of strategies for its further development. The aim of the study is to analyze the development of the Paralympic movement under the influence of globalization processes. Material and methods. theoretical analysis of scientific and methodological literature and Internet resources, generalization of modern research data, methods of statistical processing of the information received. Results. In the course of the conducted research, it was established that globalization contributes to the increase in the popularity of the Paralympic movement, which is manifested in the growth of the number of participants and participating countries. Mediatization, the development of digital platforms (TikTok, YouTube) and the economic support of transnational corporations have made the Paralympic Games more accessible and popular. Thanks to globalization, Paralympic sport contributes to the development of the infrastructure of the host countries, the creation of jobs and the attraction of investments. However, economic inequality, standardization of cultural traditions andinfluence on certain types of sports stand out among the challenges. Conclusions. The results of the study confirm that globalization is a powerful factor influencing the development of the Paralympic movement. It promotes the expansion of international cooperation, the dissemination of inclusive values and the introduction of innovative technologies in the training of athletes with disabilities. As an integral part of globalization processes, the Paralympic movement confirms that sport is not only a competition, but also a powerful tool for social integration and transformation. Modern Paralympic sport has become part of the global sports culture. It plays an important role in the socialization of people with disabilities, promotes a healthy lifestyle and strengthens international cooperation. Globalization opens up new opportunities for its development: the level of mediatization is growing, economic support is improving, and sports infrastructure is expanding. At the same time, it gives rise to a number of challenges, in particular, economic inequality between countries, the standardization of cultural traditions and the impact on local sports systems.