Abstract
Mining is one of the two major industrial sectors in Mongolia, accounting for approximately 30% of the GDP and more than 70% of total export value. In recent years, production of underground resources such as gold, coal, copper, and molybdenum has been increasing. The other major sector is nomadic animal husbandry, which accounts for about 20% of GDP. These two sectors play leading roles in the nation’s trade and economy. However, despite the significance of both activities, conflicts have frequently occurred between the two sectors over access to pastureland and water resources, because in Mongolia surface mining is generally carried out to extract mineral resources from underneath the pasturelands. Furthermore, mining has caused environmental problems, especially in watershed areas, that have devastated rivers and decreased water resources. In this chapter, I report on the current situation regarding these conflicts, considering the legal systems in place and steps that might be taken in future to mitigate the conflicts.
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