Confiscations, public health obstructions, and perpetual displacement: Experiences and perspectives on urban law enforcement practices during a period of "recriminalization" among people who use criminalized drugs.

Construction, as a sphere of the national economy, has impressive statistical indicators, determining the importance and relevance of its proper legal regulation, especially in terms of land use for relevant purposes. This article discusses the current situation in the sphere of provision of land plots for construction purposes, further alteration and termination of the relevant lease relations; provides a detailed analysis of the current legislation, law enforcement and judicial practice in such sphere. The purpose of the article is to analyze and summarize legislation judicial and law enforcement practice in this area, as well as the development of specific directions for a comprehensive dissertation research, proposals for improving the legislation regulating these relations. This goal is achieved by solving tasks such as studying of the existing legal regulation of disputed legal relations, law enforcement and judicial practice, identification of problematic and conflict-of-laws issues in the field under consideration, review of the degree of scientific development of the research topic, determination of trends in the development of this sphere of legal relations, development of specific proposals for changing legislation and law enforcement practice. General scientific (synthesis, system analysis, analogy) and special (formal-legal, comparative-legal) methods are used to solve the above problems. Based on the results of consideration of these issues, the author formulates the main problems of the legal relations under consideration, an assessment of the current degree of scientific development of this field is given, the main directions of the planned scientific research are also outlined, proposals are formulated to improve legislation and law enforcement practice.

Aims: To understand how perceived law enforcement policies and practices contribute to the low rates of utilisation of opioid agonist therapies (OAT) like methadone and buprenorphine among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Ukraine. Methods: Qualitative data from 25 focus groups (FGs) with 199 opioid-dependent PWIDs in Ukraine examined domains related to lived or learned experiences with OAT, police, arrest, incarceration and criminal activity and were analysed using grounded theory principles. Findings: Most participants were male (66%), in their late 30s, and previously incarcerated (85%), mainly for drug-related activities. When imprisoned, PWIDs perceived themselves as being “addiction-free”. After prison-release, the confluence of police surveillance and societal stress contributed to participants’ drug use relapse, perpetuating a cycle of searching for money and drugs, followed by re-arrest and re-incarceration. Fear of police and arrest both facilitated OAT entry and simultaneously contributed to avoiding OAT since system-level requirements identified OAT clients as targets for police harassment. OAT represents an evidence-based option to “break the cycle”; however, law enforcement practices still thwart OAT capacity to improve individual and public health. Conclusion: In the absence of structural changes in law enforcement policies and practices in Ukraine, PWIDs will continue to avoid OAT and perpetuate the addiction cycle with high imprisonment rates.

Moscow is one of the most dynamically developing regions of Russia, in which a very significant role is played by the issues of management and disposal of city property, especially of land plots. Further development of the economy and urban economy entails the need to change the purposes for which a particular land plot is provided and used, which is formalized by the conclusion of the relevant additional agreements. The purpose of the article is to analyze and summarize legislation, judicial and law enforcement practice on the issue of concluding and state registration of additional agreements to existing land lease agreements, by which the purpose of their provision is changed from the operation of existing buildings to new construction or reconstruction. This goal is achieved by solving tasks such as studying the existing legal regulation of disputed legal relations, law enforcement and judicial practice, identification of problematic and conflicting issues in the area under consideration, determination of trends in the development of this sphere of legal relations, development of specific proposals for changing legislation and law enforcement practices. In solving the above problems, general scientific (synthesis, system analysis, analogy) and special (formal-legal, comparative-legal) methods are used. Based on the results of the consideration of these issues, the author formulates the main problems of the legal relations under consideration, assesses the emerging judicial and law enforcement practice, and formulates proposals for improving legislation and law enforcement practice.

The subject of this research is the social relations arising in the context of application of administrative sanctions for violating forestry legislation. The object of this research is the legislation on administrative offenses of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, law enforcement and judicial practice. The author observes the ambiguity of application of legislation on administrative offences by the state forestry departments in some constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Therefore, this scientific article indicates one of the relevant issues that stir up disputes among the law enforcement agencies – imposition of cumulative administrative penalty for violating forestry legislation. Using the universal dialectical, descriptive, and hermeneutical methods, the author analyzes the current administrative legal norms that regulate the procedure for imposition of cumulative administrative penalty. Special attention is given to the factors of ambiguity in law enforcement practice in terms of imposition of cumulative administrative penalty, which has developed due to the flaws in legal writing: 1) the absence of conceptual scientific developments dedicated to imposition of administrative penalty for cumulative administrative offenses; 2) simplified approach towards legal regulation of certain institutions of administrative responsibility that generates gaps in the legislation on administrative responsibility, which must filled in by law enforcement practice; 3) inappropriate interpretation of norms of the Article 4.4. of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences by the law enforcement, and namely, judicial bodies. The scientific novelty consists in recommendations for improving the provisions of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses in this sphere. The conclusions are based on the formal-legal and logical methods of research.

The column flashes excellent and also internationally interesting research results from several fields of law enforcement management and law enforcement practice at this time. Here you can get acquainted through several historical surveys and by use of statistics the course of contract killings in the Russian Federation between 2003 and 2019. Two further recensions focus on the coherences of law enforcement and public policy during the COVID-19 pandemic. On one hand you can get known the practice in the United States, characteristic for the role of the police in management of the pandemic, and on the other hand you can get a picture of the effects of coronavirus pandemic on environment protection and public health. A recurring topic is the corruption meeting the police organisations, through Turkish examples at this time. You can read in a new aspect about the „hybrid” practice of public and private security. An exciting topic is the review of debate questions between law enforcement science and practice. Here is a key question whether the scientific researches on the fields of security and law enforcement theory can be realised within the frames of an independent discipline and if they can consort with other scientific branches, too. A special area of crime prevention is architecture, where an important aspect is the increase of urban security in the environment of housing estates. To realise that, a cooperation among urban planners, criminologists and police experts is needed.

HIV and Drug Policy in Kaliningrad: Risk, Silence and the Gap between Human Needs and Health Services

Each sphere of legal regulation with a dynamic movement objectively has certain problems caused by the development of social relations, the assessment of which allows for the development of ways to eliminate them and the practice of uniform law enforcement. Given the novelties of criminal proceedings regarding criminal offenses and the lack of unity of law enforcement due to the ambiguity of criminal procedural legal regulation, the problematic issues of court proceedings regarding this type of criminal violations are of research interest. In this regard, the article highlights the results of the monitoring of such problems and expresses the author’s vision regarding their solution. Attention is focused on three types of problematic issues: theoretical-methodological, practical and normative. In order to generalize problematic issues, the following are analysed: modern scientific developments regarding criminal offenses in general, and court proceedings regarding them, in particular, presented after the entry into force of the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Regarding Simplification of Pretrial Investigation of Certain Categories of Criminal Offenses» (from 01 July 2020); practice of the Supreme Court regarding criminal offenses and legislative proposals in this area. The conducted monitoring allowed the author to summarize the identified problematic issues of court proceedings regarding criminal offenses and to express the author’s vision regarding their solution. At the same time, it was noted that there is objectively no categorical distinction between some theoretical- methodological and normative issues, given their interdependence and multi-vector significance for both the theory and practice of law enforcement. The author ascertained the lack of dynamic development of court proceedings regarding criminal offenses in both theoretical and methodological (research) and law-making vectors and indicated the need to form a comprehensive vision of its improvement: from theory to practice.

A study of practice shows that law enforcers in Russia do not always follow the so-called “spirit of the law”, often giving priority just to its formal interpretations. In order to understand why this happens, it is necessary to examine the narrative stories behind such enforcement practices. Narratives can not only explain the existing law enforcement, but also create a new law enforcement practice and legal reasoning. Thus, narrative research is a useful tool for studying both lawmaking process and law enforcement practices. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of narratives on lawmaking process and law enforcement practices, as well as the development of the basics of the methodology for using narratives in legal research. The study used hermeneutic methods, as well as analysis of the results of empirical studies of law enforcement practices, comparative legal research, which together made it possible to propose goals, objectives, sources for obtaining narrative stories and data processing methods for conducting law enforcement research carried out using a narrative approach and narrative methods. The study resulted in the following. (1) Two functions of narrative methods and approaches in legal research have been identified: (i) cognitive (heuristic), which can be used to identify narratives that determine law enforcement, to explore them in order to understand how they are formed and how they can influence the legal reality, law enforcement practices, legal reasoning and lawmaking; (ii) prognostic-and-transformative, which makes it possible to identify the necessity for reforming legal regulations and to offer structural, organizational, legal means designed to eliminate the identified problems of law enforcement. (2) A classification of narratives has been invented. It includes four groups of narratives depending on the coverage: personal, professional, regional, national, international. (3) The possibility of using the following linguistic and special-legal methods has been proved: (a) a structural and linguistic study of narrative stories. The study of plot repetitions, of the word’s usage, etc.; (b) a study of words (and their omissions) in official documents; (c) a focused research of narrative stories in regions where practices that are not in accordance with the law are repeated; (d) identification of the relationship between the collected number of narrative stories and the results of statistical processing of the studied empirical materials; (e) analysis of the correlation of narrative stories and legislation, data on the organization of judicial activities.

This study examined the perceptions of the PNP personnel of Cabuyao Component City Police Station and barangay officials in different barangays in Cabuyao City, Laguna regarding the impact of body-worn cameras on law enforcement operations, practices, and accountability. This study analyzed significant differences in their responses concerning awareness of BWCs’ role in reducing crime, enhancing police accountability, and improving community trust. Additionally, the study explored challenges in the use of BWCs and assessed their effectiveness in preventing police misuse of force. This study employed descriptive quantitative research design, and the data gathered through questionnaires distributed to the police personnel and barangay officials from various barangays in Cabuyao City. Findings showed that PNP personnel and barangay officials recognized the benefits of BWCs in promoting transparency of their operations, reducing crime rates in high-crime prone areas, and strengthening community trust. Key challenges to effective implementation of BWCs include limited funding for purchasing, technical difficulties during police operations, and inadequate training in using BWCs. These results underscore the positive impact of BWCs in enhancing modern policing procedure. Addressing operational challenges and fostering alignment between law enforcement agencies and the public perspectives are therefore essential in achieving long-term positive impact.

The XXI century, marked by numerous achievements in various fields, became the time of systematic arrangement of not only cante flamenco, but the law enforcement agencies and procedures in Spain as well. These phenomena, which at first glance have no common ground, appear to be inextricably entwined, since in the folklore of Southern Spain are often mentioned the committed crimes and the imposed punishments. The object of this research is the coplas of cante flamencto that contain information about crimes against ethnic groups, prison conditions, family visits procedure, death penalty, correctional labor, physical punishment and other aspects of being in the penitentiary institutions of that time and interaction with the judicial and legal system. The subject of this research is the law enforcement and penitentiary practices in Spain of the XIX centuries. The texts of cante flamenco have not been translated into the Russian language; only some of them drew the attention of domestic researchers, which defines the relevance of conducting interdisciplinary research dedicated to the historical records on the judiciary, prisons and law enforcement practice in Spain of the XIX century, which were contained in coplas of cante flamenco. The goal of this article lies in determination of peculiarities of delivering information related to crimes and punishments in coplas of cante flamencto, and its correspondence to the historical realities of that time. The research is based on the cante flamento colletcions of A. Machado-Alvarez and M. Balmaceda published in 1881. It is established that the lyrics of flamenco songs accurately reflect the difficulties and flaws in various aspects of functionality of the judicial and legal system and penitentiary institutions during their integration into the state system.

Purpose. This thematic review examines how confirmation bias impacts decision-mak-ing and investigative outcomes in law enforcement, aiming to identify strategies to mitigate these effects. By synthesizing the existing research, this work highlights the challenges of confirmation bias and proposes practical interventions to improve fairness and accuracy in policing. Methods. Text and abstract searches were conducted using Google Scholar, Hein Law Journal Library, and the Ehrhorn Law Library. The focus was on the studies examining decision-making, investigative outcomes, and methods to mitigate biases in law enforcement practices. This review followed the established thematic review methodologies. Results. The literature search produced a variety of qualitative and quantitative studies. The impact of confirmation bias on decision-making, its ef-fects on investigative outcomes, effective mitigation strategies, the role of organizational culture, and its influence on community relations were themes identified after analysis. Conclusions. This review shows the need for thorough research to validate the effectiveness of strategies designed to mitigate confirmation biases in law enforcement. Future studies should include a longitudinal focus on the impact of debiasing techniques, training programs, and organizational changes. Application in Law Enforcement. For law enforcement agencies, implementing targeted training programs, de-biasing techniques, and decision-making models might improve equity and fairness concerning law enforcement practices. Addressing confirmation bias enhances investigative outcomes, builds community trust, and reinforces fairness when applying the law. Law enforcement agencies should consider adopting the strategies discussed in this review to promote more effective and ethical po-licing practices.

The practice of law enforcement on traffic violations committed by law enforcement officers is currently not enough to satisfy the expectations of the community. Problems often occur in current law enforcement practices, including vulnerability to corruption and convoluted bureaucracy in dealing with the process of law enforcement, especially for traffic violations. The practice of law enforcement itself cannot only be shackled in the current legal rigidity, in this condition a legal breakthrough or legal progression is needed, so that our law can adjust to the times and demands of society. The E-TLE (Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement) system created by the Semarang Traffic Police Unit is a breakthrough in law in law enforcement practices that are applied to traffic violations in the City of Semarang in order to bring a fast, precise, clean and transparent law enforcement system. In this context, progressive legal theory is used to create a breakthrough in progressive law enforcement in the E-TLE Satlantas Polrestabes Semarang system against traffic violations in the city of Semarang.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the application of the norms on limitation periods in Kazakhstan, identifying key problems and proposing ways to solve them in light of modern law enforcement trends and strategic goals outlined in the message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The focus is on the need to clarify and harmonize the norms of the Civil Code (CC) of the Republic of Kazakhstan related to the limitation period, which has become especially relevant in the context of dynamic changes in law enforcement practice and legislation. The research reveals that current legal norms, such as Articles 179 and 181 of the CC, require clarification to increase legal certainty and sustainability of law enforcement practice. Particular attention is paid to law enforcement practice in the context of applying the statute of limitations to collection agency claims after the 2017 reform. Two key positions are considered: one supports maintaining the five-year limitation period, the other proposes reducing it to three years. These issues are directly related to strategic initiatives to improve financial regulation, strengthen consumer protection and optimize financial control. Moreover, the law enforcement practice is analyzed regarding the interruption of the limitation period when applying to a notary for an enforcement inscription. It is argued that such an appeal should not be considered a basis for interrupting the limitation period, since the list of grounds specified in Article 183 of the CC is exhaustive. This proposal is in line with the goals of the law enforcement strategy set out in the President's message and is aimed at eliminating legal uncertainty. The article is a detailed and consistent study that contributes to further study and improvement of the legislation on limitation periods in Kazakhstan. The proposed solutions are of significant importance for improving law enforcement practice and the legal environment in the country, contributing to more effective protection of citizens' rights and stability of legal regulation.

The identification of cases of deliberate or fictitious bankruptcy of industrial sector organizations in the management of state enterprises and organizations is of great importance in ensuring economic security. The paper is devoted to the methodology of timely prevention of bankruptcy of state industrial enterprises and organizations and law enforcement practice in the field of bankruptcy. In the framework of risk management, the article analyzes the existing mechanisms for monitoring and identifying possible deterioration of financial and economic activity and the probability of bankruptcy of state industrial enterprises and organizations. The purpose of the work is to determine directions of the system development of combating unfair management decisions during the bankruptcy procedure, as well as the establishment of tools to prevent the bankruptcy of state industrial enterprises and organizations. There had been used the formal legal method in the paper, methods of complex and interdisciplinary analysis, as well as General scientific methods, including the dialectical method and the method of system analysis. As a result of the study, the main problems of law enforcement and managerial practice in detecting offenses during bankruptcy procedures are considered and the necessary areas of management and regulatory regulation are identified, an approach to identifying the threat of bankruptcy and implementing anti-crisis measures when managing state industrial enterprises and organizations is determined. The study may be of interest to public authorities in determining the methodological and regulatory framework, as well as strategies to improve the efficiency of management of state enterprises and organizations, and ensure economic security.

This article examines key trends in law enforcement practice of courts and anticorruption institutions under Article 368⁵ of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (“Illicit Enrichment”), which entered into force in 2019. Despite the significant interest of the legal community and civil society with regard to matters of illicit enrichment, Ukrainian legal science currently lacks systematic academic research on the practical application of Article 368⁵ of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Conducting a comprehensive scholarly analysis of the relevant enforcement trends is particularly important, as in corruption-related offenses judicial and investigative practice plays a decisive role in developing approaches to the assessment of evidence and understanding the elements of the crime. Based on the results of the research, the article identifies six main trends in the law enforcement practice under Article 368⁵ of the Criminal Code of Ukraine: 1) initial detection of illicit enrichment signs is usually performed by the National Agency on Corruption Prevention (NACP); 2) anti-corruption bodies tend to equate the notions of “lawful income” and “taxed income” when qualifying illicit enrichment; 3) registering assets in the name of third parties does not shield a person from illicit enrichment charges; 4) to date, there are no known cases in Ukraine where “atypical” categories of assets (e.g. reduction in financial liabilities or gratuitous services) have been traced as the object of illicit enrichment; 5) during legal qualification, Article 368⁵ is often combined with Article 366² (“Declaring of false information”) and Article 209 (“Legalization [Laundering] of Property Obtained by Criminal Means”) of the Criminal Code of Ukraine; 6) consistent judicial practice under Article 368⁵ of the Criminal Code of Ukraine has not yet been established. The article concludes that law enforcement and judicial practice under Article 368⁵ of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (“Illicit Enrichment”) remains at the formative stage. Despite the evident public demand and active efforts of anti-corruption bodies, as of October 2025, only two judgments of the High Anti-Corruption Court (HACC) have been delivered under Article 368⁵ of the Criminal Code, both based on plea agreements. The absence of consistent case law currently prevents drawing definitive conclusions as to which types of evidence courts will consider relevant, admissible, and sufficient to establish a person’s guilt in committing the crime of illicit enrichment beyond a reasonable doubt in criminal proceedings.