Abstract
Integration of electric vehicles (EVs), demand response and renewable energy will bring multiple opportunities for low carbon power system. A promising integration will be EV battery swapping station (BSS) bundled with PV (photovoltaic) power. Optimizing the configuration and operation of BSS is the key problem to maximize benefit of this integration. The main objective of this paper is to solve infrastructure configuration of BSS. The principle challenge of such an objective is to enhance the swapping ability and save corresponding investment and operation cost under uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand. Consequently this paper mainly concentrates on combining operation optimization with optimal investment strategies for BSS considering multi-scenarios PV power generation and swapping demand. A stochastic programming model is developed by using state flow method to express different states of batteries and its objective is to maximize the station’s net profit. The model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program to guarantee the efficiency and stability of the optimization. Case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and demonstrate that ignoring the uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand may lead to an inappropriate batteries, chargers and swapping robots configuration for BSS.
Highlights
Electric vehicles (EVs) are being widely concerned as an environmentally friendly transportation compared to internal-combustion-engine vehicles
6 Conclusions In this paper, we have proposed an optimization model of configuration and operation for battery swapping station (BSS) considering PV consumption bundling
The scheme of proposed model is a guidance to dig out demand response potential of BSS, in order to satisfy the expectation of multi-stakeholders in the market and is a toolbox for BSS investor to configure facilities for future’s operation with considering the uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand
Summary
Electric vehicles (EVs) are being widely concerned as an environmentally friendly transportation compared to internal-combustion-engine vehicles. The government of China introduced related policies to promote the popularization of EVs [1]. The popular mode complementary energy for EVs is by charging. EVs need to wait in queue if the chargers are not enough when they arrive at the charging station. It usually takes less than half an hour for fast charging or 4 ~ 8 h for normal charging [2, 3]. Battery swapping is much more flexible compared to the battery charging, especially for Taxi and other public transportations
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