Confessing in the GDR. The Psychology of Interrogation under Socialist Rule, 1961-1989.

This chapter analyses Humboldt University, as one example of how East German universities have reacted to the social, political, and economic changes after the collapse of the East German state and the subsequent German unification. It distinguishes between three phases of renewal, which are treated as processes of adaptation, integration, and innovation. Communist domination and suppression of academic freedom at Humboldt University led to mounting tensions and conflicts and a rising potential for student protest. That took place right under the eyes of the Western powers, which controlled the three Western sectors of the city and the free mass media in these sectors. In the year between the collapse of the regime and unification, the main actors in East German higher education were those inside the institutions. But the activities they developed were responses or reactions to what happened outside: the radical political changes brought about by the “peaceful revolution” affected higher education institutions in many ways.

The subject of the study is the modern forensic investigative practice of recording the testimony of interrogated persons at the preliminary investigation, which indicates a tendency to increase the volume of interrogation protocols being compiled. The object of the study is the regularities of the procedure for recording the testimony of the interrogated persons. It is noted that the preparation of the interrogation protocol is the most time-consuming final stage of this investigative action. Analysis of scientific publications in recent years shows that forensic scientists focus on the tactics and psychology of interrogation. As part of the forensic tactics of interrogation, the issues of the specifics of the use of additional means of fixation in the form of audio-video recordings and requirements for the content of the interrogation protocol are also considered. The existing procedure for recording the testimony of interrogated persons in the typewriter mode remains acute. The novelty of the research lies in the author's proposal to introduce modern computer technologies and artificial intelligence into the practice of drawing up interrogation protocols that allow converting oral speech into text. We are talking about automatic speech recognition and the conversion of a speech signal into digital information in the form of text (transcription of oral speech). Currently, transcription is widely used in various spheres of human activity. It is noted that it is permissible to use transcription technology from the standpoint of criminal procedural regulation of interrogation and confrontation.The use of transcription means will allow the investigator to focus on communicating with the interrogated person, achieve psychological contact, track testimony, use tactical techniques, etc. Modern software allows the introduction of the specified technology of recording the testimony of interrogated persons into the practice of interrogation.

Psychology in China and the Chinese Psychological Society

The aims of writing this article is to understand the operation of forensic psychology as a field of psychology or belief emphasizing the application of methods, scientific evidence and psychological concepts in trials by the judiciary in the Indonesian law enforcement. Forensic psychology is a combination of the fields of clinical psychology, social psychology and cognitive psychology, as well as the psychology of the accused himself. In this research the author uses normative legal research methods, namely conducting library research. The problem in this article is how the role of forensic psychology operations can be applied in the trial of certain case in the form of the Angeline murder case in the Indonesian legal system. Then, people involved in forensic psychology are divided into two, the first is forensic psychology scientists and the second is forensic psychology practitioners. While for operational purposes, forensic psychologists are tasked with conducting psychological autopsies, investigative interviews with perpetrators of crimes, interviews with witnesses and families of victims, and identifying perpetrators of crimes. In criminal law in Indonesia, forensic psychologists have contributed as expert witnesses, as expert advisors outside the court or as ad hoc judges, and as educators for criminal justice actors. Although they have different uses or purposes to facilitate the investigation of cases, forensic psychologists have limited purposes in their use in court.

According to Law of Forensic Expertise of Lithuania, only a person who has sufficient legal and psychological knowledge and passed appropriate exams can obtain the status of an expert in forensic psychology. Unfortunately, the possibilities of professional psychologists (excluding clinical psychologists) to exercise forensic psychological expertise are limited without a good reason. Obscure rules of evaluation of qualifications and practical experience regulate the process of becoming a licensed expert in forensic psychology. These rules are not based on legal, professional or practical analysis. This is a result of the historical situation when for a long time psychological expertise has been considered to be part of psychiatry and was only additional „servicing“ activity of expertise of psychiatry. Problems of education and training of experts in forensic psychology (EEP) are described in this article. At present, demand for EFP services is growing. Judges, interrogation officers, investigators need more and more special knowledge in the field of psychology, especially when analyzing the ability of juvenile witnesses to provide credible information, the ability of juveniles to understand the situation and to provide their opinion in the cases of custody or adoption. At present, the number of EEPs remains the same. A lot of psychologists who have good knowledge and experience can only consult but cannot act as experts. There are no EFP to participate actively in research activities. Moreover, the Office of Forensic Psychiatry does not provide any information and refuses to coach psychology students on practical aspects of expert work. They withhold information on expertise methods as well. The Council of Experts does not include any psychologists, and psychiatry experts represent the opinion of psychologists too. One of the possible solutions to this situation is preparation of a new legal act on forensic psychology, which would regulate the status of psychological expertise according to the new modern approach. Detailed proposals are provided at the end of the article. Implementation of the proposals would encourage the competitive process of psychological expertise and facilitate involvement of the Lithuanian Psychological Association, scientific institutions and scientists working in this area.

This study examines the recent trends in major countries through overseas case studies related to well-dying support policies and hospice/palliative care service systems in major countries, and draws implications through comparative analysis with Korea to suggest necessary improvement measures and policy recommendations. As a result of overseas case studies, major countries are promoting the provision of services centered on regional comprehensive systems and home care centered on regional base hospitals to improve the quality of death of members of society and support well-dying. In addition, a system was established to connect facilities related to well-dying support and provide diversified services, as well as provide an interconnection network for hospice and palliative care services. On the other hand, in Korea, the scope of death proposed by the legal and institutional foundation is still very narrow, and death is regarded as an event rather than a continuum of life, and the minimum legal and institutional foundation required for this is established. Therefore, we also need to gradually expand the legal and institutional foundation so that well-dying and preparation for a good death, which are closely related to the rapid progress of aging, can be realized. Above all, it is a limitation that the area of well-dying service that the domestic system is currently interested in is narrow, and policy interest in the psychological and social areas is still lacking, so it is possible to comfortably discuss death as an element of life rather than avoiding death. It is also necessary to create a positive social atmosphere, strengthen services for the remaining family members, and prepare a policy foundation. To realize this, it is necessary to make policy efforts to gradually overcome the narrowness of current interests and areas in a larger framework. In addition, there is a need to improve the system so that more diversified and comprehensive well-dying support can be achieved by developing it to suit our situation by referring to the cases of major countries.

Regulatory support and institutions for the transformation of enterprises to the digital economy are considered. In particular, the basic institutions of the transformation of enterprises to the digital economy, inherent in any society: social (or socio-cultural), economic, political, were studied, and their structure was summarized. It is substantiated that it is the state that is entrusted with the task of ensuring the effective functioning of institutional and legal foundations and long-term development vectors of the country and enterprises in Ukraine. In the conditions of wartime and the development of the digital economy, it is necessary to create a structure of incentives and motivations for digitalization at the enterprises themselves. The institutional and legal foundations of the digital transformation of enterprises by the institutions of state power are considered. The main legislative support for the formation and development of the digital economy in Ukraine is presented, the policy directions of the Ministry of Digital Transformation, its implementation of projects for the development of the digital economy, which create conditions for the development of business in Ukraine, the transformation of enterprises to new operating conditions, the development of human capital, and the preservation of labor potential are considered. The impact of supranational institutions and European integration on the establishment of institutional and legal foundations for the transformation of enterprises to the digital economy is outlined. The main directions of Ukraine’s cooperation with the European Union in the development of the digital economy, which are among the priorities in cooperation, were considered. Proposals regarding the improvement of institutions for the transformation of industrial enterprises to the digital economy are substantiated and relevant recommendations are provided. In particular, it was noted that Ukraine needs a modern industrial policy with defined principles and a vision. A strategy of industrial development is necessary, taking into account the digital economy, martial law, losses of industrial and labor potential, the need for post-war recovery and the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On State Industrial Policy». The state industrial policy must meet the requirements of the times, therefore it should include the tasks of digital transformation of industrial enterprises and stimulating mechanisms of digital transformation.

Forensic psychology in the 21st century entails the application of psychology to all aspects of the criminal justice process. Forensic psychologists, therefore, are engaged in the theorization of offending, offender profiling, the psychology of testimony, investigative interviewing, the psychology of juries and judges, and psychological approaches to the punishment and treatment of offenders. Historically, however, forensic psychology, has been narrower in scope. Founded principally in Europe during the late 19th century as a response to the reform of criminal procedure and research on suggestion, which undermined confidence in witness credibility, forensic psychology was initially pursued by jurists and psychiatrists eager to understand the behavior of all those involved in the criminal justice process. While this ambition was pursued piecemeal by jurists throughout the early 20th century in their studies of guilty knowledge, judges, jurors, and investigators, the exigencies of the courtroom, soon saw the field become focused on the psychology of the witness, particularly the juvenile witness. Important, in this regard were the efforts of both European and American experimental psychologists, whose precarious position within universities at the fin de siècle saw them look for real-world applications for psychology and led them to campaign voraciously for the inclusion of psychological knowledge and psychological expertise in legal proceedings. Competition between several disciplines, including law, psychology, psychiatry, and pedagogy, over the role of psychological expert made the professionalization of this field difficult up until the Second World War. During the late 1940s and 1950s, however, not only did forensic psychology increasingly become the exclusive purview of psychologists, but the discipline’s scope began to expand. Notable in this regard was offender profiling, which emerged from the psychological analysis of war criminals and the application of the insights gained here to several high-profile criminal cases in the United States.

Increased involvement of psychologists with legal processes and products has resulted in an indiscriminate use of the term ‘forensic psychology’. It is argued that forensic psychology denotes the provision of psychological information to facilitate legal decisions rather than a particular form of psychological knowledge or skill. This is a specialized function that can be exercised by any psychologist with expertise appropriate to a legal question and goes beyond clinical or criminal issues. It is also an activity undertaken for the agents of law. Stricter delineation of forensic psychology is needed to clarify the professional and ethical obligations of psychologists who offer services in legal contexts and to avoid misleading consumers.

The authors of the article outline the legal foundations and prospects for the development of criminology, forensic psychology and criminal procedural law in the light of legal reform in Ukraine. The peculiarities of the tactical and psychological influence of the investigator (detective) on persons participating in criminal proceedings are considered. The author’s own (author’s) methodology for solving a number of problematic situations that may arise in the practical activities of a law enforcement officer of Ukraine is presented for consideration and discussion. The need for effective cooperation of law enforcement officers, specialists in the field of criminology and forensic psychology in order to qualitatively and objectively perform the tasks of criminal proceedings, comply with the general principles of the criminal process and improve the innovative policy of Ukraine in general is substantiated. The authors defined and provided their own list of legal positions and techniques for possible opposition to procedural and legal techniques and tricks of the subject. A methodological basis for determining the elements of lies, slander, hearsay and suggestion during the interrogation of a witness or suspect is provided. The significance and evaluation of these short stories in the system of law, criminology, forensic psychology and the criminal process as a whole is revealed. Conclusions were made and recommendations were given regarding the coordinated application of the norms of the current legislation in the practical activities of the investigator, detective and criminalist. Attention was drawn to the need for further scientific cooperation of scientists, specialists in the field of material and procedural law.

The article is devoted to the topic of payment channels and their practical implementation in the Stellar blockchain. The general idea of payment channels and technical details that are inherent in their implementation in the Stellar blockchain are described. The technical details of the Stellar blockchain are given, namely the Stellar accounts, transactions and operations are described. The types of stellar operations that will be used in the article are given. It describes in detail what properties a transaction must satisfy in order to be considered correct from the point of view of a stellar blockchain. The protocol of payment channels on a stellar blockchain is described, the corresponding diagrams are given. The main actors and elements of payment channels are described. The role of the respective accounts is explained, namely the host account, the guest account and the escrow account. The role of the transactions used in the protocol is explained, namely the funding transaction, the bump sequence transaction and the settlement transaction. The scheme shows the order in which transactions are published. The process of exchanging off-chain transactions is described in detail. To illustrate the dependence of transactions on each other, a diagram of positive and negative cases of publication of transactions is given. The last section discusses the mechanism for invalidating obsolete commitment transactions through time limits on the publication of transactions. The timing chart shows which transactions can be published at a specific point in time. The need for a time delay between the publication of a bump sequence transaction and a settlement transaction is explained. The need to use the properties of the sequence number of the account and transactions is explained.

Forensic Psychology

One of the applied areas of criminal psychology, the forensic psychology presents how the knowledge of psychology can be applied in the most optimal way in order to effectively detect individual crimes. A trend has appeared in law enforcement agencies for psychologists to carry out special activities in the criminal field. One specific activity is criminal profiling and the other is the development of the most effective interrogation techniques. Now I attempt to present these two specific criminal tasks of psychology. I present a literature review on how forensic psychology can be used during profiling and the planning of special interrogations. Despite the fact that offender profiling is not new for law enforcement agencies, its clinical trend has begun to appear and spread independently in recent years. The application of psychology in the planning of individual interrogations is a much more researched field and used during weekday work.

ANDREW FORRESTER, FRANCES MACLENNAN, KAREN SLADE, PENELOPE BROWN AND TIM EXWORTHY, Forensic Psychiatry, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry/King’s College London, London, UK; HM Prison and YOI Holloway, Parkhurst Road, London N7 0NU, UK; Forensic Psychology, College of Business Law and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK; Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry/King’s College London, London, UK; Forensic Psychiatry, St Andrew’s Healthcare and Institute of Psychiatry/King’s College London, London, UK

Forensic psychology can be viewed broadly, as the study of all aspects of behavior directly related to the legal process, or more narrowly as a subarea of clinical psychology involving evaluations of, and testimony about, individuals in reference to a legal question. This chapter traces the history of attempts to apply psychological concepts and data to the legal system, beginning with the evolution of the insanity defense in eighteenth‐ and nineteenth‐century England. As the field of psychology emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century, psychologists' early enthusiasm for applying psychological methods and knowledge to legal questions (e.g., Munsterberg and Freud) was not met with ready acceptance by the legal field. By the 1950s, attempts to inject relevant psychological knowledge into legal cases were becoming more widespread, both by means of clinical expert testimony and viaamicus curaie(friend of the court) briefs. Involvement of research psychologists in the legal system was sporadic until the 1960s, when an increased emphasis on social relevance led many psychologists to focus their research efforts toward the legal system, studying factors such as eyewitness memory, pretrial publicity, civil rights, judicial instructions, and jury decision making. Paralleling this research emphasis was the founding of professional organizations such as the American Psychology‐Law Society in 1969, the initiation of several psychology‐law journals in the last three decades, and the development of training programs focused on forensic psychology; some of these were joint degree (JD/PhD) programs, while others were within existing clinical or social psychology programs. Several emerging roles for psychologists in the legal system are discussed: providing forensic clinical evaluations, delivering scientific expert witness testimony, creating “science translation” briefs, and working as a trial consultant. In recent years, research intended to provide courts with relevant and useful information has been especially prevalent in the areas of eyewitness memory, ways to improve clinical forensic evaluations, and issues involving children and adolescents. We conclude that the future of forensic psychology looks bright, as communication between leaders in law and forensic psychology appears to be increasing in both frequency and understanding.