Condensed Aerosol Generators in Fire Safety of Buildings. Part 1 – Analysis of Normative and Legal Documents

This research work provides an in-depth analysis of the fire alarm system, considered as a security tool for a variety of facilities, from industrial buildings to residential premises. Two key subsystems serve as the basis for the study: the fire alarm system, which is designed to detect and report the occurrence of fire, and the intrusion alarm system, whose task is to detect attempts at illegal intrusion. For each of these subsystems, their functions and components are investigated, their mechanism of action, principles of operation, and possible implementation options are described, depending on the specific conditions and security requirements. At the same time, emphasis is placed on three types of automatic fire alarm systems: threshold, addressable and addressable-analog, each of which has its own features, advantages and disadvantages. The article goes beyond theoretical analysis and presents the results of a practical study of the three main types of fire alarm systems: wired, wireless and addressable. The study is based on a specially designed training stand, which allows you to simulate the operation of fire alarm systems in conditions as close to reality as possible. The article demonstrates the connection schemes of detectors, explains their states in the "normal" and "alarm" modes. It is noted that the currents and voltages of alarm loops in different modes were measured. Dependency diagrams of these parameters are presented, and the alarm threshold levels are measured. The research presented in the paper provides a valuable contribution to the study and optimization of alarm and fire systems, providing meaningful data for the development and testing of these systems. The paper can be useful for fire and security professionals and those interested in improving the performance of these systems.

Fire safety and security system in high-rise buildings has been a significant issue from the last century. However, there are numerous provisions for safety measures from such fires and the magnitude and nature of the problem of this hazard has been unknown. This study identifies the location of high-rise buildings in Tangail pourashava through an extensive survey and then identifies the unique fire safety problems of those buildings and their associated fire risk. As it turns out, most of those buildings are highly vulnerable to fire risk due to lack of major fire fighting equipments and defiance of related laws and regulations. The study then addresses the means to provide fire safety in those buildings from both design and codes perspectives. It elaborates on the need to provide both building and occupant based protection to achieve the best results. It concludes with an overview of the special problems associated with high-rise buildings combined with specific use and occupancy-related requirements, employee training and response.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(1): 33-40 2017

The objective of the paper is to study, analyze and design a fire detection and extinguisher system. This topic was acceptable because it covered a basic and important aspect in our modern life. The author has gained the valuable experience in the field of fire detection and alarm system from studying and conducting the project. The objectives of the project were to provide information on fire alarm system and the extinguishing techniques used in India and around the globe, to show the differences and similarity between the systems and the lack in existing systems used for fire detection. Secondly, in the practical part, the objective was to build a demo system to demonstrate how a basic fire alarm system works and the improvements can be added to it to make better systems to detect and extinguish fire in order to reduce the casualties and loss of capital. To achieve the purpose of this thesis, the author studied the main standards on fire detection and alarm systems in India and around the world. For the practical part, NodeMCU-ESP32 and Blynk Application are used as the control unit with other necessary components. Keywords Node MCU-ESP32, Blynk Application, Fire Detection, Fire Alarm System

An automatic fire detection and alarm system based on Multi-modal information recognition technology is designed. The whole structure of the distributed fire alarm system is introduced in detail. The automatic fire detection and alarm net is established with the smoke-sensor detectors, blaze-sensor detectors, temperature-sensor detectors and manual alarm buttons. The signal is processed through the fuzzy control. The gang control system is made up of fire-proof rolling door, smoke-released fans, broadcasting system and water spray fire fighting system. The Multi-modal information recognition technology can extend the monitoring range of fire alarm system in time domain and space domain. And it also can raise the Sensitivity and reliability of the whole system.

Purpose The current fire protection measures in buildings do not account for all contemporary fire hazard issues, which has made fire safety a growing concern. Therefore, this paper aims to present a critical review of current fire protection measures and their applicability to address current challenges relating to fire hazards in buildings. Design/methodology/approach To overcome fire hazards in buildings, impact of fire hazards is also reviewed to set the context for fire protection measures. Based on the review, an integrated framework for mitigation of fire hazards is proposed. The proposed framework involves enhancement of fire safety in four key areas: fire protection features in buildings, regulation and enforcement, consumer awareness and technology and resources advancement. Detailed strategies on improving fire safety in buildings in these four key areas are presented, and future research and training needs are identified. Findings Current fire protection measures lead to an unquantified level of fire safety in buildings, provide minimal strategies to mitigate fire hazard and do not account for contemporary fire hazard issues. Implementing key measures that include reliable fire protection systems, proper regulation and enforcement of building code provisions, enhancement of public awareness and proper use of technology and resources is key to mitigating fire hazard in buildings. Major research and training required to improve fire safety in buildings include developing cost-effective fire suppression systems and rational fire design approaches, characterizing new materials and developing performance-based codes. Practical implications The proposed framework encompasses both prevention and management of fire hazard. To demonstrate the applicability of this framework in improving fire safety in buildings, major limitations of current fire protection measures are identified, and detailed strategies are provided to address these limitations using proposed fire safety framework. Social implications Fire represents a severe hazard in both developing and developed countries and poses significant threat to life, structure, property and environment. The proposed framework has social implications as it addresses some of the current challenges relating to fire hazard in buildings and will enhance overall fire safety. Originality/value The novelty of proposed framework lies in encompassing both prevention and management of fire hazard. This is unlike current fire safety improvement strategies, which focus only on improving fire protection features in buildings (i.e. managing impact of fire hazard) using performance-based codes. To demonstrate the applicability of this framework in improving fire safety in buildings, major limitations of current fire protection measures are identified and detailed strategies are provided to address these limitations using proposed fire safety framework. Special emphasis is given to cost-effectiveness of proposed strategies, and research and training needs for further enhancing building fire safety are identified.

Fire alarm systems have become increasingly an important lifesaving technology in many aspects, such as applications to detect, monitor and control any fire hazard. A large sum of money is being spent annually to install and maintain the fire alarm systems in buildings to protect property and lives from the unexpected spread of fire. Several methods are already developed and it is improving on a daily basis to reduce the cost as well as increase quality. An integrated Fire Detection and Alarm (FDA) systems with building automation was studied, to reduce cost and improve their reliability by preventing false alarm. This work proposes an improved framework for FDA system to ensure a robust intelligent network of FDA control panels in real-time. A shortest path algorithmic was chosen for series of buildings connected by fiber optic network. The framework shares information and communicates with each fire alarm panels connected in peer to peer configuration and declare the network state using network address declaration from any building connected in network. The fiber-optic connection was proposed to reduce signal noises, thus increasing large area coverage, real-time communication and long-term safety. Based on this proposed method an experimental setup was designed and a prototype system was developed to validate the performance in practice. Also, the distributed network system was proposed to connect with an optional remote monitoring terminal panel to validate proposed network performance and ensure fire survivability where the information is sequentially transmitted. The proposed FDA system is different from traditional fire alarm and detection system in terms of topology as it manages group of buildings in an optimal and efficient manner.Introduction

Problem. Religious buildings with a large number of people are fire hazardous. In total, there are 17,407 religious buildings in Ukraine. Out of them, approximately 3,000 are highly fire hazardous wooden buildings.The fire danger feature of religious buildings is open fire usage: candles, torches, lamps, underground rooms with complex planning, lack of ventilation systems. Besides, ancient religious buildings are mostly built using wooden materials. Fires occuring there are resonant, causing material and spiritual damage to the state and society. On average, about 20 fires occur each year in religious buildings, including wooden temples of historical heritage.Рurpose. Fire analysis in religious buildings in Ukraine and their occurrence causes; fire safety of religious buildings research.Preventive measures for religious building fire safety in Ukraine are prioritised by state program for emergency response. The State Emergency Service of Ukraine constantly monitors compliance with fire safety standards, which includes regular facilities inspections, personnel training control to prevent fires and reduce the consequences of fires, development, implementation, and control of technical methods of safety.Research methods. To achieve this goal, further methods were used: historical, systemic, theoretical generalization, abstract, logical, analysis, synthesis, comparative, and statistical methods.The main results. The most common shortcomings in religious building fire protection are the lack or malfunction of automatic fire alarms, power grid requirement non-compliance with the rules of the power grid, improper facility provision of with primary fire extinguishers, lack of lightning and water supplies for firefighting. In most buildings, wooden structures are not treated with refractory mortar.Fire causes and ways to prevent and improve fire safety are analyzed, namely: fire protection of religious building wooden elements, dome space fire extinguishing systems, fire alarm systems, lightning protection, safe people’s evacuation, candlesticks installation on non-combustible surfaces, primary fire extinguishing equipment, fire condition qualitative inspection of the of the heritage building, etc.Conclusions. After service, buildings must be completely deenergized, lighted candles and open fires must not be left unattended in the church. In religious buildings, it is necessary to carry out fire protection of wooden elements constructions, to install fire extinguishing systems in domed space, fire alarm system, lightning protection, to watch serviceability of electric networks. Rules of fire safety requirements for religious buildings are aimed at solving an important task - religious buildings safety. Unfortunately, due to lack of funds, the most important requirements are not implemented to improve fire safety.

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of fire safety in buildings of preschool educational institutions. The main risk factors of fires in these institutions are considered, including structural features of buildings, use of combustible materials, behavioral aspects and malfunction of electrical equipment. Regulatory requirements for the design, operation and technical equipment of preschool educational institutions to minimize fire risks are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the technical means of fire protection, such as automatic fire extinguishing systems, alarm systems and evacuation routes. The article also considers organizational measures, including staff briefings, training evacuations and information work with students and parents. The article substantiates the need for an integrated approach to fire safety, including a combination of regulatory regulation, technical innovations and effective training of personnel.

This paper presents an original method for determining the reliability of use of a fire alarm system (FAS) integrated with a jet ventilation system (JVS) that is operated in underground car parks. The authors of this paper carried out in-service testing of selected fire alarm systems to determine two key performance indicators: damage intensity and repair intensity. Fire alarm systems are responsible for fire safety in buildings and large areas – e.g. ports, logistics bases, etc. The systems are responsible for life, health, assets, movable and immovable property. They are the only systems whose place of installation is provided for in the Polish legislation. In addition, the European Union, by way of CPR No. 305 of 09.03.2011, introduced the need to certify all devices and components belonging to a FAS – treating them like commercially available building materials.

The article presents selected issues concerning problems related to the probability of false alarms generated by electronic security systems (ESS) during technical monitoring states. ESSs are used in building objects. The authors of the article conducted a theoretical analysis regarding the causes of false signals in security systems, with particular attention to Fire Alarm Systems (FAS). FAS are the most important security systems that are responsible for fire safety in buildings and large areas – e.g. airports, railway stations, etc. FAS are responsible for the life and health of people using the objects, but also for property and the surrounding natural environment. In accordance with CPR Regulation No. 305 of March 9, 2011, of the European Union, FAS elements and devices are required to obtain certification and are treated as generally available construction materials.

A Novel fire extinguishing monitoring and control system is proposed in this paper. The system combines online monitoring of fire extinguishing information based on internet of things (IOT), early fire warning and alarm system with building safety evaluation, which are designed to acquiring the real-time information of fire extinguishing working condition, improving the reliable prediction mechanism in traditional fire monitoring system. A perception terminal based on IOT is developed and the fire real-time monitoring and control system is designed in this paper. The novel system can acquire the real-time working condition information of fire extinguishing facilities, such as pipe flow, pressure, temperature and humidity of the environment, current and voltage of the electric equipment, valve switch, relay action, alarming message, it can upload the collected data to the monitoring center through the (Client /Server) architecture. Based on these data, an electrical early fire warning model based on neural network is proposed. A fire safety evaluation model based on ontology with the usage of protege is established, which facilitate the on-line monitoring and control of building fire protection information, the prediction of electrical fire and improve building safety level evaluation.

Chapter 8 - Central Alarm Stations and Dispatch Operations

The International Code for Fire Safety Systems (FSS Code) presents engineering specifications for fire safety equipment and systems required by SOLAS chapter II-2 including, among others: international shore connections; personnel protection: fire extinguishers: fixed gas fire-extinguishing systems; fixed foam fire-extinguishing systems; fixed pressure water-spraying and watermist fire-extinguishing systems; automatic sprinkler, fire detection and fire alarm systems; fixed fire detection and fire alarm systems; sample extraction smoke detection systems; low-location lighting systems; fixed emergency fire pumps; arrangement of means of escape; fixed deck foam systems; inert gas systems; and fixed hydrocarbon gas detection systems.

Cel: The aim of this article is to make an overview of selected features of the voice alarm control and indicating equipment (VACIE) confirmed in the process of assessment and verification of constancy of performance. Information presented by the authors play a crucial role during the process of design and use of voice alarm systems as well as in the context of providing the safety of buildings. Wprowadzenie: Control and indicating equipment (CIE) is extremely important for the safety of buildings, affecting both the safety of the occupants and the property stored there. Given such an important role, special emphasis is placed on the reliability of the system’s operation, whose task is both to detect the fire danger early enough but also to transmit information to its various components. An important role in ensuring the safety of construction objects is the transmission of information about the threat detected by the system to the occupants of the facility. This information can be communicated through the use of, among other things, automatic visual signalling implemented by VAS. The main component of VAS is the voice alarm control and indicating equipment, which, as the heart of the system, receives and transmits information to individual elements (loudspeakers), and is responsible for their operation – powering and monitoring them. Metodologia: An overview of selected features that are confirmed in the process of assessment and verification of constancy of performance, Introduction to the testing process of selected features, which is an integral part of the conformity assessment of construction products. The article was supplemented with issues related to the design and maintenance of fire alarm systems. Wnioski: Voice alarm control and indicating equipment, in addition to control and indicating equipment, not only determine the safety of the buildings themselves, but also affect the safety of their occupants, who, as a result of various circumstances, may have to be forced to quickly and efficiently leave their place of residence. Nevertheless, the awareness of owners and managers of construction objects equipped with VAS should be important, since their special attention should be directed to maintaining all components of the system in such a condition that will enable the complete installation to fulfil its functions. An important element is the continuous education of service personnel and users of the facility (e.g. step-by-step evacuation drills), in order to maintain knowledge at the highest possible level about how to act in an emergency situation, not only related to fire, but also in the face of other local threats. Słowa kluczowe: evacuation of buildings, voice alarm system, VACIE

A wide variety of active fire protection systems are available to fire safety practitioners. In addition to passive fire protection measures, some level of active fire protection is normally required to meet the expected minimum level of fire safety in modern buildings. Active fire protection can also be used to increase the fire safety in order to achieve a more flexible fire safety design and an acceptable level of fire safety in buildings. There are many types of active fire protection systems, but this chapter deals mainly with automatic fire sprinkler systems, since they are often used to facilitate the use of timber as structure, internal linings and external facades in large or complex buildings. Sprinklers are required in some countries for taller timber buildings, as described in Chapter 4.