Concurrent augmentation of acid dye affinity and antibacterial performance of viscose fabric via cationization

PurposeThis paper aims at studying the oxygen plasma treatment and the previously prepared and fully characterized chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) as a green and eco-friendly strategy for surface modification of viscose fabric. This was done to render viscose fabric dye able with two types of acid dyes that do not have direct affinity to fix on it via improving the fabric wettability.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the goal, viscose fabric was activated with oxygen plasma at optimum conditions and coated with different concentrations of CNPs solution via conventional pad dry cure technique. The untreated and plasma-treated fabrics with CNPs were dyed with two types of acid dyes, namely, Acid Orange 7 and Methyl Red under determined conditions. The color strength (K/S), fastness properties to light, rubbing and perspiration, add on %, tensile strength, wettability and durability of the dyed samples were determined and compared.FindingsThe results divulged that oxygen plasma-treated fabric with CNPs and the aforementioned dyes in question could improve the flowing properties in comparison with untreated fabric: (a) the fabric wettability expressed as wetting area mm2; (b) the dye ability and fastness properties of viscose fabrics expressed as K/S and fastness properties; and (c) the strength properties and add on % of the treated fabric. On the other hand, the durability of the plasma-treated fabric decreased with increasing washing cycles.Originality/valueThe novelty addressed here was using plasma treatment as an eco-friendly pre-treatment approach for attachment of CNPs as a multifunctional green bio-nano polymer onto viscose fabric, which improved the dyeing properties of the fabric with acid dyes that do not have direct affinity to fix onto it.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to undertake surface graft copolymerization of viscose fabric via altering its fibrous properties by using acrylic acid (AA) as a carboxyl-containing monomer and peroxydisulfate (PDS) in presence of ferrous sulfate as a novel redox pair for initiating grafting. The latter process acted as an energy-saving process with respect to the reduction in polymerization temperature and maximizing the graft yield %, in addition to rendering the grafted viscose fabrics dye-able with cationic dye (crystal violet), which has frequently no direct affinity to fix on fabric.Design/methodology/approachTo make graft copolymerization more efficient and economic, the optimum conditions for graft copolymerization were established. The graft yield % was determined as a function of initiator, catalyst and monomer concentrations and the material to liquor ratio, in addition to polymerization time and temperatures. Metrological characterizations via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy of topographic morphological surface change have also been established in comparison with the ungrafted samples.FindingsThe maximum graft yield of 70.6% is obtained at the following optimum conditions: monomer (150 % based on the weight of fabric), PDS (50 m mole), ferrous sulfate (80 m mole) and sulfuric acid (30 m mole) at 40° C for 1.5 h using a liquor ratio of 30. Remarkably, grafting with AA enabled a multifold upsurge in color strength, with improvements in the fastness properties of cationically dyed grafted viscose fabric measured on the blue scale in comparison with untreated viscose fabric.Originality/valueThe novelty addressed here is undertaken with studying the effect of altering the extent of grafting of poly (AA)-viscose graft copolymers expressed as graft yield % in addition to carboxyl contents on cationic dyeing of viscose fabric for the first time in the literature. Moreover, rendering the viscose fabrics after grafting is dye-able with cationic dye with high brilliance of shades, which has regularly no direct affinity to fix on this type of fabrics.

In vitro and in vivo determination of the UV protection factor for lightweight cotton and viscose summer fabrics: A preliminary study

Natural dye extracted from Triadica Sebifera in aqueous medium for sustainable dyeing and functionalizing of viscose fabric

Cellulosic materials being biodegradable are susceptible to bacterial attack. Present study was meant to develop an antibacterial viscose fabric via a clean, easy and reproducible approach. Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were prepared using chitosan both as reducing and as well as stabilizing agent to promote green synthesis of SNPs. The prepared SNPs were characterized using dynamic light scattering and UV-visible (vis) absorption spectroscopy. The average size of SNPs was found to be 8.574 nm with respective zeta potential of +45.2 mV using AgNO3 concentration of 1 mM and chitosan as 1 % (w/v). Pre-treated viscose fabric was undergone an in situ treatment to impregnate SNPs on its surface under certain autoclave conditions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of SNPs on surface of treated viscose fabric in comparison with the untreated fabric. In addition, Fourier transform infrared and elemental analysis confirmed the presence of silver on the treated fabric. The textile properties of the viscose fabric samples like; tensile strength, wettability, antibacterial activity and whiteness were evaluated using the standard protocols. The developed treated viscose fabric showed good antibacterial properties against both Gram negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains with fair textile characteristics. This is the first report on in situ fabrication and impregnation of SNPs using chitosan as both reducing and stabilizing agent on a regenerated cellulose fabric like viscose.

The innovation anticipated here is the use of our previously prepared chitosan nanoparticles in conjunction with citric acid and sodium hypophosphite for rendering viscose fabrics dyed and finished concurrently in one step with dual classes of dyes, namely basic and acid dyes, using a pad-dry-cure process. This was done to see the effect of the aforementioned eco-friendly finishing formulation on creating dual anchoring sites onto finished fabrics for dye-ability using Basic Red 2 and Acid Orange 7, which have no direct affinity to viscose fabric. So, different concentrations of CA, CNPs, and dyes were mixed into a viscose fabric cross-linking formulation together with a set concentration of SHP (50% based on weight of CA concentration) and cured at 170°C for 2 minutes. Citric acid is predicted to react with the hydroxyl groups in viscose and CNPs to produce ester crosslinking and/or to form an inter-ionic attraction with the amino groups of CNPs. The latter was responsible for viscose fabrics dye ability with Basic Red 2 by anchoring the free carboxyl groups in citric acid, as well as their dye ability with Acid Orange 7 by anchoring the residual amine groups in CNPs.

Sustainable coloration and analysis of cellulosic viscose fabric incorporating Rosa rubiginosa extraction and pre-mordanting approaches

(1) Background: It is simpler and more environmentally friendly to use supercritical CO2 fluid technology to process skincare viscose fabrics. Therefore, it is significant to study the release properties of drug-loaded viscose fabrics to choose suitable skincare drugs. In this work, the release kinetics model fittings were investigated in order to clarify the release mechanism and provide a theoretical basis for processing skincare viscose fabrics with supercritical CO2 fluid. (2) Methods: Nine kinds of drugs with different substituent groups, different molecular weights, and different substitution positions were loaded onto viscose fabrics using supercritical CO2 fluid. Then, the drug-loaded viscose fabrics were placed in an ethanol medium, and the release curves were drawn. Finally, the release kinetics were fitted using zero-order release kinetics, the first-order kinetics model, the Higuchi model, and the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. (3) Results: The Korsmeyer–Peppas model was the best-fitting model for all the drugs. Drugs with different substituent groups were released via a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. On the contrary, other drugs were released via a Fickian diffusion mechanism. (4) Conclusions: In view of the release kinetics, it was found that the viscose fabric can swell when a drug with a higher solubility parameter is loaded onto it using supercritical CO2 fluid, and the release rate is also slower.

VISCOSE fabrics were treated with environmentally nano-particles namely; nano-clay, nano-chitosan and nano-cellulose. Each of three nanoparticles was introduced in a solution containing reactive cyclodextrin (RCD) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and the treatment was performed using the pad dry-cure technique. Topographical investigation of the said nano-particles was conducted using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The change of morphological structure of the treated fabrics relative to the native one was examined using high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope. FTIR and nitrogen content of the treated fabrics compared to the untreated ones were assessed. The changes in some physico-mechanical characteristics of the treated viscose fabrics were monitored; namely abrasion, thickness, air permeability and moisture sorption test. The colour strength and washing fastness to dyed fabrics with both direct and reactive dyestuffs were evaluated. The effect of treatment of viscose on its resistance towards various microorganisms was appraised. Radar chart of the treated as well as untreated fabrics was calculated.

Viscose dyeing is one of the major pollutants of water due to the large amount of salt in the dyeing effluent. This study paves the way for improving environmentally sustainable wool waste and highlights a promising invaluable application through salt-free viscose dyeing. The keratin hydrolysate (KH) was obtained using microwave (MW) alkaline hydrolysis then applied on the viscose fabric in the finishing bath formulation using the pad-cure technique. The rheology of the hydrolyzed wool fibers and the amino acids composition using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) was estimated; furthermore, the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of freeze-drying keratin hydrolysate was evaluated. Microwave-assisted keratin hydrolysis leads to the breakdown of peptide bonds and the release of low molecular weight proteins and peptides. The color strength (K/S) of the dyed post-finished viscose fabric increased 75% compared with that dyed by conventional technique. FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy disperse x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) demonstrated and confirmed the effective finishing of keratin hydrolysate. The tensile strength and elongation of viscose fabric did not change after finishing with KH, while the air permeability improved and the light fastness properties for the modified viscose fabrics.

Purpose This work aims to investigate and comprehend the effect of a green and sustainable microwave irradiation approach that generates heat consistently on viscose fabric without affecting the fine fabric's molecular structure integrity. Design/methodology/approach To investigate the effect of microwave irradiation on viscose fabric's physical, chemical and surface morphological structure, the latter was treated with microwave irradiation under various conditions, including power and treatment time intervals. Tactile/sensorial comfort properties before and after microwave treatment, like tensile strength elongation at break, dry wrinkle recovery angle and surface roughness in addition to the degree of whiteness, air permeability and porosity as physical-comfort aspects, were also scrutinized. On the other hand, fine structural characterizations of the untreated and microwave-treated fabrics were deliberated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy scanning electron microscopy thermal gravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. Findings The results revealed that the treated fabrics' properties were altered by prolonged microwave power and time. On the other hand, the chemical and surface morphological structure, thermal analysis, crystallinity and poor size diameter were not significantly altered. The integrity of the fabric after treatment does not considerably affect its fine structure, but some studied properties have been altered due to changes in the molecular structure of the fabric. Finally, understanding the relationship between microwave irradiation power and time on the properties of viscose fabric is necessary for developing sustainable and effective textile treatments. Originality/value The novelty addressed here is to study the effect of the microwave irradiation approach on the tactile/sensorial comfort and physical comfort aspects of viscose fabric to develop sustainable and effective textile treatments without affecting the integrity of viscose fabric.

A feasibility study to analyze the behavior of heat settings on the cleaner production of knitted fabrics

Conventionally, dyeing of cotton with reactive dye can be done in the presence of salt to improve exhaustion by reduction the repletion forces in between the anionic dye and hydroxyl functional groups of cotton. But after dyeing salt and hydrolysed reactive dye effluent becomes directly disposed to the environment and critically affect human health and biodiversity live inside water bodies. To eliminate salt consumption and enhance wool waste utilization, the present study focused on an eco-friendly approach of salt free dyeing of cotton with reactive through cationization using extracted keratin hydrolysed from Ethiopian sheep wool waste. Keratin protein was successfully extracted from wool waste using different combinations of NaOH Concentration, Temperature, pH and Time. The optimum extraction parameters were selected by investigating the maximum absorption obtained at λ max under UV/Vis Spectrophotometer. The dyeing efficiency of keratin treated cotton was compared with untreated cotton. The dye bath exhaustion percentage for cationized by pad-dry, pad –dry-cur and untreated cotton fabric was evaluated using UV/Vis spectrophotometer and recorded as 70 %, 63.3% and 56.6% respectively. The chemical composition of the cationized fabric was investigated under FTIR. The color strength (K/S), CIE L*a*b* was examined under Color eye - 300 spectrophotometer and the cationized fabric shows better K/S value as compared with untreated fabric. The color fastness for both cationized and untreated dyed fabrics also evaluated and investigated using international standards. The cationized cotton fabric shows very good-excellent color fastness property which is better than that of untreated fabric.

Two birds, one stone: Enhancement of flame retardancy and antibacterial property of viscose fabric using an aminoazole-based cyclotriphosphazene

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to generate nitrogen-containing groups in the cotton fabric surface via low-temperature nitrogen plasma as an eco-friendly physical/zero-effluent process. This was done for rendering cotton dye-able with Acid Blue 284, which in fact does not have any direct affinity to fix on it.Design/methodology/approachDyeing characteristics of the samples such as color strength (K/S), fastness properties to light, rubbing and perspiration and durability, as well as tensile strength, elongation at break, whiteness, weight loss and wettability in addition to zeta potential of the dyed samples, were determined and compared with untreated fabric. Confirmation and characterization of the plasma-treated samples via chemical modifications and zeta potential was also studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Malvern Zetasizer instrumental analysis.FindingsThe obtained results of the plasma-treated fabric reflect the following findings: FTIR results indicate the formation of nitrogen-containing groups on cotton fabrics; notable enhancement in the fabric wettability, zeta potential to more positive values and improvement in the dyeability and overall fastness properties of treated cotton fabrics in comparison with untreated fabric; the tensile strength, elongation at break, whiteness and weight % of the plasma treated fabrics are lower than that untreated one; and the durability of the plasma treated fabric decreased with increasing the number of washing cycles.Originality/valueThe novelty addressed here is rendering cotton fabrics dye-able with acid dye via the creation of new cationic nitrogen-containing groups on their surface via nitrogen plasma treatment as an eco-friendly and efficient tool with a physical/zero-effluent process.