Conclusions, Implications, and Future Research

Objective: The paper is aimed at structuring entrepreneur-related constructs and building a conceptual framework that can serve as a foundation for future international entrepreneurship research and theory building. Research Design & Methods: The author conducted the systematic literature review of 94 empirical studies and conceptual papers on the entrepreneur-related determinants of early internationalization in the international management journals in the years 1966 - 2015. Findings: This article discusses and groups the existing knowledge on entrepreneur-related determinants of born globals successful international performance. The major theoretical contribution of the study is the conceptual framework of the main entrepreneur-level determinants of rapid internationalization. Implications & Recommendations: The results of the study are exploratory and there is a need in validating the theoretical framework through an advanced quantitative study. Future research might try to integrate the reviewed entrepreneur-related constructs with organizational characteristics and external characteristics which determine born globals emergence. Contribution & Value added: This paper provides the conceptual framework that groups entrepreneur-related constructs into 6 main constructs which can enrich future international entrepreneurship research.

Two juvenile (curved carapace lengths: 28 and 30 cm) loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta with precocious male external characteristics were admitted to the ARCA del Mar rescue area at the Oceanogràfic Aquarium in Valencia, Spain, in 2009 and 2010. Routine internal laparoscopic examination and subsequent histopathology confirmed the presence of apparently healthy internal female gonads in both animals. Extensive tissue biopsy and hormone induction assays were consistent with female sex. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of pseudohermaphroditism in loggerhead sea turtles based on sexual external characteristics and internal laparoscopic examination. Our findings suggest that the practice of using external phenotypical characteristics as the basis for gender identification in sea turtles should be reevaluated. Future research should focus on detecting more animals with sexual defects and their possible effects on the sea turtle population.

Events that originate through internal mental operations such as reasoning, imagination, and thought may be more colored by or connected to one's current mood than are those that emanate from external sources. If so, then a shift in mood state, between the occasions of event encoding and event retrieval, should have a greater adverse impact on one's memory for internal than for external events. To investigate this inference, a series of studies was conducted that relied on a continuous music technique to modify mood, and on the generate/read procedures devised by Slamecka and Graf (1978) to distinguish internal from external events. Considered collectively, the results suggest that internal events are less likely than external events to be recalled after a shift in mood state. Discussion centers on both the empirical limitations and theoretical implications of the present results, as well as on prospects for future research. This article addresses the state dependent effects of moods on memory for internal as opposed to external events. To paraphrase Johnson and Raye (1981), internal events are those that originate through mental operations such as reasoning, imagination, and thought, whereas external events refer to sensory stimuli that are apprehended, or brought into awareness, via the processes of perception. Though the distinction is neither rigid nor precise--thought tends to reflect perception, and perception, thought--differences between memories derived principally from internal versus external sources do exist. For instance, several studies have shown that

Hyperscanning—the simultaneous recording of hemodynamic or neuroelectric activity of the brain——is the new technology to directly observe the brain communication between individuals. Since the publication of the first hyperscanning study in 2002, it has developed rapidly in the past decade. Brain-to-brain coupling (BBC) technology of human interaction was widely used in the research of action coordination, cooperative game, classroom teaching and other interactive tasks, which involved the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and other neuroimaging technologies. In addition, hyperscanning research experienced a leap from pseudo-interaction to real interaction, a leap from a strictly controlled laboratory paradigm to the “field research” paradigm in nature situations. Based on the differentiation and analysis of the core concepts such as coupling and synchronization, taking the development of time and technology as the main line, this paper reviewed the common BBC indicators and their application conditions, introduced the related theories and forecasted the future research direction of BBC. In hyperscanning study, BBC refers to the interaction and influence of two or more brains, or between two or more brain regions within a single brain, while the inter-brain synchronization (IBS) refers to the consistency (relative stability) in frequency, phase, and other characteristics of signals from different brain or different regions of the brain. Thus, the similarities and differences between hyperscanning, BBC and IBS can be summarized as follows: Hyperscanning is the technique of recording the neural activity of two or more brains simultaneously. BBC refers to the interaction or interaction between two or more brains. BBC sometimes manifests as IBS, the degree of IBS can represent the strength of BBC in this case, but BBC is not the same as IBS: (1) In addition to IBS, BBC can also be manifested as functional connections and interactions between the brains; (2) due to the possibility of pseudo-synchronization, the occurrence of IBS does not mean that there must be BBC. In the field of physics and electronic engineering, the characteristics of a signal can be described by multiple indicators such as amplitude, period, frequency and phase. Accordingly, neurologic studies have found that brain activity induced by external events may take the form of phase response, frequency response, amplitude response, and production of new components. Therefore, it is not surprising that many different indicators are used to characterize the strength of BBC in existing hyperscanning studies. These indicators including the circular correlation coefficient (CCorr), wavelet transform coherence (WTC), directed coherence, phase-locking value (PLV), the coupling indexes based on the event-related potentials (ERP) such as the latency difference and the amplitude difference, the coupling indexes based on the Graph Theory such as the shortest path length, global efficiency, local efficiency, divisibility, modularity, small-word network. Through the review, we found the following three issues deserve the attention of the future hyperscanning research. Firstly, as different coupling indicators have different characteristics and applicable conditions, we suggest that the selection of indicators should be based on specific research methods, technical equipment and research problems. There are no best indicators, only the most suitable ones. Secondly, the existing theory of BBC is not complete, integrating existing theories and proposing theories with stronger explanatory power should be the focus of future hyperscanning theory research. Thirdly, there are many forms of coupling in neural processing, and the meaning of coupling is different in different forms. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the comprehensive consideration of the specific research task type, interactive mode and other factors when discussing the significance of coupling.

Research Question/IssueThe role of the board chair has become increasingly complex in recent decades. Research on corporate governance has called for and has initiated the pursuit of more research for the purpose of creating a better understanding of the role of board chairs. We reviewed 234 academic articles published in 66 journals, structured the existing research according to an Input‐Process‐Outcome‐Contexts framework, and provided a future research agenda for studies on the role of the board chair.Research Findings/InsightsOur review reveals that the number of published studies on the position of the board chair has grown over the last two decades. Although extant research is dominated by quantitative studies exploring the impact of the board chair position on financial performance, frequently drawing on agency and stewardship theory, recent work has moved beyond this focus and has added valuable insights. The Input‐Process‐Outcome‐Contexts framework used to structure the extant research reveals that future research should pursue topics related to all components of the framework and that opportunities exist to draw from a broader set of theories.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsBased on the framework, we formulate seven specific research topics that can add valuable insights into the role of the board chair and suggest theories that can help inform research pursuing these topics. Taken together, these topics have the potential to create valuable insights into how board chairs are appointed, develop competencies, and interact and work with the CEO, the top management team, the board, and other stakeholders while acknowledging the influence of contextual factors, such as ownership, diversity, the firm's development stage, and external events and trends.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur review shows a growing global movement toward prescribing more corporate governance regulations and separating the positions of the board chair and the CEO. We show that many aspects need to be considered when choosing a governance configuration and when appointing a board chair because this role is becoming increasingly demanding.

This is a thesis about the main drivers of regulatory change. Departing from theoretical approaches focused on the ‘policy process’ – such as the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) and the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) – this work investigates the main reasons behind the marked changes that occurred in the regulation of three Brazilian environmental policy areas between 2005 and 2015. The policy areas under investigation are Forestry, in particular the approval of a new Forest Code in 2012; Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing, specifically the new 2015 law on the topic (Lei 13.123/2015); and Pesticides, in particular, regulatory changes concerning the registration and use of new products. In order to assess the reasons for regulatory change in these three areas, this thesis qualifies the latest version of the Advocacy Coalition Framework's explanation for policy change as developed by Weible and Nohrstedt (2013). The thesis explores the role of the four causal factors advanced in the ACF – external events, internal events, learning and negotiated agreement – and assesses them in relation to the three case studies. It does so through process-tracing of each sector’s history and content analysis of arguments proffered in National Congress debates, interviews with key actors and in the national media. The findings of this thesis qualify the ACF expectations regarding policy change and suggest that events external and internal to the policy areas analysed might be sufficient sources of regulatory change. Negotiated agreement and learning were not necessary sources of regulatory change in two of the three cases investigated. Among the external events identified as relevant for the regulatory changes are the increased relevance of commodity production and export between 2008 and 2013 and the consequent increase in the political and economic power of the agribusiness sector. The main internal events identified point to the importance of the beginning of the enforcement of previously non-enforced regulations; the limits of the state’s capacity to enforce previous regulations; international negotiations; and media scandals. Finally, incentives generated by international negotiations were found to be crucial determinants of negotiated agreement and learning between coalitions, in the only case in which these occurred (Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing).

Consumer behaviour has been studied in many disciplines. Geographical study of consumer behaviour has in particular changed focus from the location of retail trade to consumer behaviour itself, namely, the spatial choices of consumers.The purpose of the study is to clarify the personal characteristics which affect the behavior of shopping-place choice by looking at the personal external and internal characteristics, not as an aggregation of separate characteristics, but as a unity. On March, 1989 data for this study were collected through mail survey of 107 housewives in Kwangju City, Korea. The collected data were analyzed by Hayashi's‘Quantification Theory II’and the Chi square test.The major results of this study are as follows:1) Shopping places are divided into three types: CBD hard core; CBD edge; and residential districts. The intensity of the relationship between shopping place and personal characteristics becomes weaker from CBD hard core to CBD edge to residential district.2) When the external characteristics which primarily affbt shopping place decision are compared, the external characteristics become stronger from residential districts to CBD edge to CBD hard core.3) Common characteristics which exert effects on the three shopping place types are education, income, previous residence (external), consciousness of shopping and conviction of shopping (internal).4) A Chi-square test was adopted to find the characteristics which have the most deep relationship with the others, such as education. After that, the relationship between shopping place decision and characteristics category was clarified by the category score on the basis of education. The major results are; (1) education has the strongest relationship with income, and high income groups have an inclination to select the CBD hard core as shopping place; (2) the factors which have a deep relationship with income are occupation and goods attitudes; (3) the major householder's occupations of the high income group are self-management and commerce, and the high income group usually has a preference for new good; (4) finally, the high education group selects the CBD hard core as shopping place on basis of these facts.5) Generally, the decision-making of shopping place is accomplished in accordance with the following process: First, external characteristics motivate and stimulate internal characteristics. Second, space of cognition is formed by information and attitude. Third, space of preference is formed by conviction. Finally, space of choice, that is, selection of shopping place, is formed.As a future research subject, it is necessary that the correlation among variables must be studied by a more dynamic analysis of the decision-making process.

Until recently, knowledge in the field of geriatric rehabilitation has been based largely on empirical findings. There is a need for greater conceptual clarity about major disablement outcomes to provide a foundation for future theoretical research. Disablement terms promulgated by the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Impairments Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH) are reviewed and compared with those of an alternative model proposed by Saad Nagi in 1965. Distinctions are drawn between the disablement concepts each system includes to refer to (1) inherent attributes of patients and (2) the interaction of the patient with the social and physical environment. The importance of a disablement model reflecting this distinction between inherent and relational concepts is emphasized. Areas for fertile research opportunities in which the disablement concepts could be used are discussed. It is suggested that improved understanding of disablement outcomes could be most readily achieved by application of an epidemiologic model separating the factors affecting outcomes into three sets of variables: the host factors representing intra-individual attributes; the agent factors, which are the external event or events causing the disability; and the environmental factors, which relate to the physical or social surroundings in which the disability occurs. In future research efforts, a more theoretical approach to studying disablement outcomes is advocated as a basis for improvements in geriatric rehabilitation.

Depressive Symptoms and Activity in a Sample of Nursing Home Residents

The management literature has typically taken a relatively narrow view when considering the relationships between firms and state actors by conceptualizing regulatory agencies simply as a source of external pressure for firms. The literature has, accordingly, tended to emphasize the strategies that firms adopt in efforts to influence and control public policy. The authors argue that future research needs to go beyond the traditional understanding of the firm–regulator relationship and should instead focus more attention on other sources of influence on regulator behavior. Specifically, further research is needed that focuses on other external sources of influence, such as the media and public opinion, as well as research that helps identify how issues within the regulatory body itself, such as intraorganizational politics and leadership turnover, affect agency behavior. In this essay, the authors examine the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) Office of Defects Investigation’s (ODI) actions regarding unwanted acceleration in Toyota vehicles in an effort to illustrate the dramatic influence that external events, public activism, and political power shifts have in influencing regulatory behavior. The results of this analysis support the notion that the role of firms in the regulatory process has been somewhat overstated and that future research examining the state would benefit from focusing on additional internal and external issues that may influence government agency action.

The model of employee turnover described in this paper applies constructs and concepts from decision making, statistics, and social psychology to facilitate understanding and to redirect theory development and empirical research. The process of employee turnover is modeled by four distinctive decision paths; each decision path involves distinctive foci, psychological processes, and external events. Further, five specific contributions of the model are suggested, and recommendations for empirical testing and future research are offered.

Do clinical characteristics of recurrent miscarriage couples with a chromosomal abnormality and who opt for PGD differ from couples that decline PGD after extensive genetic counselling? No differences in clinical characteristics are identified between recurrent miscarriage couples carrying a structural chromosomal abnormality who opt for PGD compared with those that decline PGD after extensive genetic counselling. Couples who have experienced two or more miscarriages (recurrent miscarriage) are at increased recurrence risk if one of the partners carries a structural chromosomal abnormality. PGD can be offered to avoid (another) miscarriage or pregnancy termination when (invasive) prenatal diagnosis shows an abnormal result. To date, no reports are available that describe reproductive decision-making after genetic counselling on PGD in these specific couples. Retrospective cohort study of 294 couples carrying a structural chromosomal abnormality seeking genetic counselling on PGD between 1996 and 2012. Participants were recurrent miscarriage couples carrying a structural chromosomal abnormality. They had been referred for genetic counselling to the only national licensed PGD centre. Clinical characteristics analysed included couple associated characteristics, characteristics concerning reproductive history and external characteristics such as type of physician that referred the couple for genetic counselling and the clinical geneticist performing the counselling on PGD. Of 294 couples referred for counselling on PGD, 26 were not accepted because they did not meet the criteria for IVF-PGD. The remaining cohort of 268 couples consisted of two-thirds female and one-third male carriers. Main PGD indications were reciprocal translocations (83.9%) and Robertsonian translocations (16.7%). Following genetic counselling, 76.9% of included couples chose PGD as their reproductive option, the others declined PGD. Reproductive choice is not influenced by sex of the translocation carrier (P = 0.499), type of chromosomal abnormality (P = 0.346), number of previous miscarriages (P = 0.882), history of termination of pregnancy (TOP) because of an unbalanced fetal karyotype (P = 0.800), referring physician (P = 0.208) or geneticist who performed the counselling (P = 0.410). This study only included recurrent miscarriage couples carrying a structural chromosomal abnormality, who were actually referred to a PGD clinic for genetic counselling. We lack information on couples who were not referred for PGD. Some of these patients may not have been informed on PGD at all, while others were not referred for counselling because they did not opt for PGD to start with. This study shows that reproductive choices in couples with recurrent miscarriage on the basis of a structural chromosomal abnormality are not influenced by characteristics of the couple itself, nor by their obstetric history or external characteristics. These findings suggest that a couples' intrinsic attitude towards PGD treatment is a major factor influencing their reproductive choice. Future research will focus on these personal motives that seem to push reproductive decision-making following genetic counselling in a given direction.

The orientation of Zhu Zi's philosophy continues to create controversy. In order to clarify the content of Zhu Zi's study, this study attempts to analyze the ”principle” in Zhu Zi's ontology. Because Zhu Zi's ”principle” remains complex and variegated, this study first descries the external characteristics of ”principle” that concern the distinction between meaning and principle. These characteristics include: whether it is knowable, metaphysics or physics, unitary principle or multiple principle, and action or pure principle. It is hoped that through discourse on these external characteristics, there can be a better grasp on the content of Zhu Zi's ”principle,” which would in turn help ascertain the philosophical position of Zhu Zi. After discourse of this paper, it is known that: Zhu Zi's ”principle” refers to the principle of external things and events, or refers to the moral precepts that we should follow. Even though it ”cannot be said,” it is not absolutely unspeakable, but rather compared to the objects in the tangible world, it is not concrete; thus it is ”difficult to say, hard to describe, and cannot be fully spoken.” For traditional philosophers, this type of ”principle” is still physical, because it can still be in the realm of what ordinary people can grasp. As for whether it is unitary or multiple, this type of ”principle” is multiple. Even though it can be said to be a ”unitary principle,” but the ”unitary” is abstract, and is the general name for all principle. Of course, for things and events within a small field, it is possible to deduce principle or to understand such ”principle” through practice, but it is still limited to a possibility of being deduced or understood in a small field. Finally, since such ”principle” belongs to the principle of objects and events, objective, and external, although it exists on its own, but it cannot act. These are the external characteristics of Zhu Zi's principle, derived upon analysis.

There is limited available research on the lived experience of hallucinations; with most existing research focusing on unimodal auditory hallucinations. Two systematic literature reviews suggested future research should study hallucinations across multiple modalities, their co-occurring feelings, and the circumstances and personal histories they arise within. To develop a conceptual lens, methodological approach, and research design to study these novel areas, theories of feelings (Cromby, 2007, 2015; Langer, 1967) and feeling-traps (Cromby & Harper, 2009; Scheff, 2012) were drawn upon alongside embodiment research scholarship (Ellingson, 2017; Reavey, 2011). Sixteen service-users from an NHS early intervention in psychosis service experiencing hallucinations most days, took part in a four-stage research design for up to eight weeks. This generated prospective and retrospective data on hallucinations arising in any modality through semi-structured interviews and arts-based methods of completing a visual diary with micro body-maps (for one week), an arts-based task and a visual life-timeline. This generated the first known body-maps of the feelings experienced during hallucinations. Participants reported unimodal and multi-modal hallucination experiences, which were characterised by a variety of feelings (emotional, extra-emotional, of knowing, of reality, generalised or localised within the body) and were situated in participants’ unique lived circumstances and ongoing personal histories. The analysis demonstrated numerous novel aspects of circumstances in Britain were relevant to the lived experience of hallucinations including: time, location, company, activities, spirituality, digital technology, adverse and positive childhood experiences, education, work and employment, material (in)security and welfare, homelessness, drugs and alcohol, inequality and discrimination, and formal and informal networks of care. Future research and interventions aiming to reduce distress, may appropriately seek to prioritise improving the lived circumstances which people are struggling to navigate. Future hallucination research may also benefit from the application of feeling theories and the current research protocol which effectively generated a comprehensive dataset.

This paper presents a model integrating organisational identity dissonance, organisational decline and organizational turnaround. It specifies three sources of organisational identity dissonance – decline, which is further sub-divided into severity, pace and period; change in organisational identity attributes due to internal or external causes of organisational decline; and identity attributes as cause of decline. Three types of turnaround strategies are possible based on the congruency of turnaround actions with organisational identity - identity congruent, identity conflicting and identity transforming turnaround strategies. The turnaround strategies are contingent on the level and antecedents of dissonance. When decline is caused by identity characteristics, identity conflicting turnaround strategy leading to identity change leads to performance improvement, otherwise it aggravates the dissonance and decline increasing the risk of failure. Identity congruent turnaround strategy is appropriate for decline caused by external events. Identity transforming turnaround strategy is most appropriate when the decline is caused by the combination of internal organisational identity attributes as well as external events. It is also a strategic choice independent of the turnaround context. The paper concludes with the implications for theory and practice and gives directions for future research.