Abstract
The three phases of the crisis that began in 2007 and erupted with full force in the Fall of 2008 had a multilevel character in Europe. At each level — the national level, the European (including the European Union [EU]) level, and the larger global context — different dynamics governed the impact of the crisis.KeywordsMonetary PolicyInternational Monetary FundPublic DebtEuropean Central BankOptimum Currency AreaThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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