Conceptual Framework of A Career Module to Address Career Thinking Dysfunction, Enhance Career Maturity, and Career Adaptability among Pre-University Students

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty, career indecision, and dysfunctional career thinking in ordinary high school students, and to verify the mediating effect of dysfunctional career thinking in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and career indecision. Methods: Research data were collected from 443 high school students in Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, and the data were analyzed using the PROCESS macro (Model=4) of Hayes (2022), which is a method of verifying mediating effects using bootstrapping. Results: The research results are as follows: First, there was a significant correlation between intolerance of uncertainty, career indecision, and dysfunctional career thinking of high school students. The higher intolerance of uncertainty, the higher dysfunctional career thinking, and the higher dysfunctional career thinking, the higher career indecision. Second, dysfunctional career thinking showed a complete mediating effect in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and career indecision. Conclusion: The above research results suggest that not only intolerance of uncertainty, but also educational and counseling interventions that can correct dysfunctional career thinking in a desirable direction are needed to resolve career indecision of high school student.

Dysfunctional career thoughts can have a negative impact on the career decision-making process and an individual's career and vocational development. Individuals with disabilities may be particularly vulnerable to dysfunctional career thoughts because limited access to the labor market provides limited opportunity to make vocational decisions and to understand the impact of functional limitations on career decisions. The purpose of this study was to identify groups of individuals with disabilities based on their measured levels of dysfunctional career thoughts. This nonexperimental descriptive study investigated the career thoughts of 132 individuals with a diagnosis based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fourth Edition (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) who received job placement services from a community-based job placement program. Cluster analysis of the Career Thoughts Inventory (Sampson, Peterson, Lenz, Reardon, & Saunders, 1996) identified three groups of participants: (a) those with dysfunctional thoughts, (b) those with external conflict, and (c) those with productive thoughts. The results suggest differences between the clustered groups and two comparison groups.

Objectives This study was conducted with the purpose of examining how college students' career decision self-efficacy affects dysfunctional career involvement thinking and career stress, and whether there is a mediating effect on career adaptability in this process. Methods For data collection, 248 university students from city D were sampled and a survey was conducted. In the process where the independent variable, career decision self-efficacy, affected the dependent variables, dysfunctional career thinking and career stress, the effect of career adaptability, a mediating variable, was verified. To analyze the mediating effect of career adaptability, SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 were used to analyze the data, and Hayes' Bootstrapping method was used to verify the mediating effect. Results The self-efficacy of career decision-making of college students showed a negative correlation with dysfunctional career involvement thinking and career stress, and a positive correlation with career adaptability. It was confirmed that the higher the career decision self-efficacy, the lower the level of dysfunctional career involvement thinking and career stress. It was confirmed that there was a mediating effect of career adaptability on career stress. As a result of analyzing the gender difference between male and female students on the mediating effect of career adaptability, it was found that male students had a higher mediating effect than female students. Conclusions Career experts should explore strategies to reduce dysfunctional career involvement thinking and career stress that hinder college students from displaying their career competencies. In the career education department and career counseling field of college students, it is necessary to try to change the cognitive factors suitable for the developmental stage of college students, and a microscopically differentiated career counseling approach should be taken in consideration of gender differences. In the current difficult and complex career environment, the direction of assistance from career experts was suggested so that college students can maximize their career adaptability and improve their sense of career efficacy.

This experimental study aimed to investigate the effects of the Small Guidance Groups (SGG) and Large Guidance Groups (LGG) Adjustment Career Thinking Module (ACT) oriented theory of Cognitive Processing of Information among students who score in the high and middle Dysfunctional Career Thinking. The effectiveness of small group counselling and group counselling are measured in terms of reduction of the decision-making confusion, commitment anxiety, and external conflict situations increase the treatment group therapy. The study was conducted on students at two secondary schools in Hulu Selangor, Selangor. Questionnaires used contain personal information and two questionnaires, namely Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI) and My Vocational Situation (MVS). A total of 108 subjects were selected into two treatment groups and one control group. SGG treatment of the subject is 36 students were divided into three small groups (R1a = 12, R1b and R1c = 12 = 12), LGG 36 students in one large group (R2 = 36) and a control group (K1 = 36), Treatment group subjects were given eight weekly group sessions, within eight weeks. The research data were analysed using descriptive analysis, ANOVA, MANCOVA and Post Hoc-Tukey at significant level of 0.01 and 0.05. The study found that the treatment of the SGG and LGG effective in reducing the dependent variable dysfunctional career thinking and improve the vocational situation treatment group compared to the control group. SGG treatment group were found to be more effective than treatment LGG. The study also found that gender factor had no influence over the treatment. The study in general has contributed towards guidance and counselling services as it successfully generated a module in reducing dysfunctional career thinking and improve the situation of vocational students effectively.

This article examines the relationship between attachment style, measured by Experiences in Close Relationships‐Revised (R. C. Fraley, N. G. Waller, & K. A. Brennan, 2000), and dysfunctional career thoughts, measured by the Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI; J. P. J. Sampson, G. W. Peterson, J. G. Lenz, R. C. Reardon, & D. E. Saunders, 1994a). Two hypotheses related to attachment style and dysfunctional career thoughts were tested with 46 adult immigrants (17 men, 29 women). Results show that both attachment anxiety and avoidance were significantly related to scores on the CTI; increased attachment avoidance also significantly correlated with decision‐making confusion and external conflict. Implications of the relationship between attachment style and dysfunctional career thoughts for the career counseling process are discussed.

The family can exert an important influence on career decision making. This study investigated the impact of adaptability and cohesion in family‐of‐origin relationships on dysfunctional career thoughts in 269 college students (221 women, 48 men). The Career Thoughts Inventory and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales–IV were used to assess family dynamics and dysfunctional career thoughts. The study addressed the following research question: What is the impact of family cohesion and adaptability in the participant's family of origin on dysfunctional career thoughts, specifically decision‐making confusion, commitment anxiety, and external conflict? Results revealed that higher levels of family cohesion were associated with lower levels of decision‐making confusion, commitment anxiety, and external conflict and that higher levels of family adaptability were associated with lower levels of external conflict.

Relation of Depression and Dysfunctional Career Thinking to Career Indecision

The purpose of this study is to find out how it affects students’ career decision-making self-efficacy and career thinking by devising a career education program that integrates Korean language subjects and integrating the contents of Korean language classes with career education that enables students to develop their dreams. there is. The research method is as follows.
 First, the need for career education integrated with Korean subjects was examined for the third year of middle school. Second, a career education program integrated with Korean language subjects was conceived by converging Korean language subject achievement standards and career-related learning elements. Third, the Korean language integrated career education program was applied to the 8th class for an experimental group of 63 out of 127 third-year middle school students in Seoul.
 As a career decision self-efficacy test tool, the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale-SF developed by Taylor and Betz (1983) was validated by Lee Eunkyung(2001) for middle and high school students. used The self-efficacy scale for career decision-making consists of a total of 25 questions of 4 sub-factors: goal selection, job information, problem solving, and future planning (Lee Eunkyung 2001:49).
 The Career Thought Inventory (CTI) tool developed by Sampson et al. (1996) and validated by factor analysis by Jang Seon-Cheol(2003) was used. This questionnaire measures career-related dysfunctional career thinking and consists of a total of 26 questions in three sub-factors: generalized decision-making confusion, performance anxiety, and distorted identity regarding the career decision-making process.
 The collected data was verified for homogeneity between the two groups through an independent sample t-test using SPSS 25.0, followed by a paired samples t-test. As a result, the experimental group's total pre-average score for career decision self-efficacy was 84.35 points, and the post-average average score was 98.90 points. (t=-7.644, p<.001).
 In addition, the overall mean score of the career thinking test in the experimental group was 54.21 points, and the mean post-test score was 46.84 points. (t=3.430, p<.01).
 As such, it was confirmed that the overall self-efficacy in career decision-making improved and dysfunctional career thinking decreased after the implementation of the integrated Korean language career education program in the experimental group compared to before the implementation.
 This study has the following significance. First, the career decision-making self-efficacy of students was improved through the career education program integrated with Korean subjects. Second, it reduced the dysfunctional career thinking that interferes with students’ career exploration.

This study investigates the relationship between career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE) and parental attachment, dysfunctional career thoughts, and career exploration in a sample of 170 Lebanese Grade 11 students drawn from 10 private schools that provide career guidance services. The following tools were used to assess the variables: Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale – short form (CDMSE-SF), the Parent and Peer Attachment Bonds (IPPA), the Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI), and the Career Exploration survey (CES). Data were analysed using Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression. Regression results showed a significant association between parental attachment, dysfunctional career thoughts, career exploration and CDMSE. Career exploration accounted for the largest variance in CDMSE, followed by dysfunctional career thoughts and parental attachment. Theoretical and practical implications for career counselling are discussed.

This study examined the relationship between dysfunctional career thoughts and adjustment to disability among college students with learning disabilities. Data were obtained from 153 college students with learning disabilities at a large southern university and 595 general college students from the normative sample of the Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI). Results indicated that college students with learning disabilities had fewer dysfunctional career thoughts in general, less career decision-making confusion, and less commitment anxiety than the normative sample. However, students with learning disabilities had more dysfunctional career thoughts related to external conflict than the normative sample. A relationship was found among the CTI scores and the scores on the adapted Adjustment scale of the Reaction to Impairment and Disability Inventory. Findings indicated that as the prevalence of dysfunctional career thoughts decreased, the positive adjustment to learning disability increased.

Dysfunctional career thoughts significantly impede rational career decision-making and have been widely assessed using the Career Thought Inventory (CTI). However, research suggests the CTI may not fully capture Chinese university students' cultural uniqueness, creating a measurement gap in this population. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a culturally-appropriate instrument assessing dysfunctional career thoughts among Chinese university students. From 104 preliminary items evaluated for content validity, the Dysfunctional Career Thoughts Scale (DCTS) was constructed through exploratory factor analysis with 389 students. The final 20-item instrument encompasses three dimensions: (1) Self-knowledge Uncertainty and Choice Anxiety, (2) Career Decision-Making Amotivation, and (3) Career Decision-Making Process Inefficacy. Validation with 241 additional students confirmed robust construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis. Concurrent validity was established via significant negative correlations between dysfunctional career thoughts and both career decision-making self-efficacy and vocational identity. The study findings imply that Chinese university students encounter challenges related to incomplete self-awareness, external influences, and perfectionist tendencies during the career decision-making process. This culturally-sensitive instrument offers significant advantages for academic advisors and career counselors working with Chinese university populations, providing more precise identification of intervention needs. While the DCTS demonstrates considerable theoretical and practical utility, certain limitations require further investigation in future studies.

Dysfunctional career thoughts and attitudes as predictors of vocational identity among young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

This article reviews the impact of dysfunctional career thinking on career choice, the use of cognitive restructuring to identify, challenge, and alter dysfunctional cognition, and the limitations of existing readiness screening and cognitive restructuring procedures. The recently developed Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI) can be used by practitioners to assist adults, college students, and high school students to identify, challenge, and alter dysfunctional career thoughts, and then subsequently take action to make career choices. The cognitive information processing and cognitive therapy theoretical bases of the instrument are described, followed by a discussion of the development of the CTI and the CTI Workbook. Data are then presented on the readability, standardization, reliability (internal consistency and stability), and validity (content, construct, convergent, and criterion) of the measure. The use of the CTI is then described in terms of screening, needs assessment, and learning. Issues related to terminology, diversity, and utility are also discussed. The article concludes with a discussion of preliminary experience in using the CTI in practice.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to examine the correlates of dysfunctional career thoughts (DCTs) in a sample of breast cancers survivors.Sample and design: A total of 195 breast cancer survivors from the Bahamas completed a cross-sectional survey.Methods: The Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI) and standard medical and demographic items were administered. Analysis of Variance and logistic regression models were used to examine associations.Findings: Total CTI scores differed by age group, marital status, surgical remedy, and employment prior to diagnosis. The odds of DCT were higher among younger (Odds Ratio [OR] = 4.4), married (OR = 2.4), who were unemployed prior to diagnosis (OR = 3.5).Conclusion: Dysfunctional career thoughts appear to be common in certain breast cancer survivors. Further research is needed to determine whether similar associations are observed in other samples.Implications for Providers: Providers should discuss DCTs after treatment.

Pre‐ and posttests revealed that the dysfunctional career thoughts of 158 racially and ethnically diverse college freshmen were significantly reduced following a 6‐week, 1‐credit‐hour career development course. Freshmen with the highest level of dysfunctional career thinking indicated the most dramatic decrease. These reductions in dysfunctional career thinking occurred irrespective of students' gender or race/ethnicity.