Comptabilités schizophrènes et agent double. Une lutte de pouvoir entre gouvernant et gouvernés en Hainaut au XVe siècle

Asthma and allergy: a worldwide problem of meanings and management?

PurposeWhereas a combination of unique historical conditions and a specific set of public policies in the United States enabled labor to significantly increase its relative power during the quarter century following World War II, this halcyon period for labor was followed by a period of over two decades during which labor's relative status and power declined. This paper explores this reversal of fortunes.Design/methodology/approachAlthough the current plight of labor has been extensively studied within the discipline of economics, these studies have typically focused upon specific aspects of labor's declining status. In this study, labor's plight is examined within the larger context of the institutions and dynamics of capitalism as a socio‐economic system. Within this broadened context, an exploration is made of whether the sustained period of progress for American labor set in motion the creation of forces that eventually led to reversal.FindingsLabor's relative successes in the quarter century following World War II encouraged behavior that enabled the interests of capital to politically legitimate policies that, combined with trends in international trade and technology, served to decrease the relative power and welfare of labor.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research is needed to determine whether there are other instances of a dynamic whereby labor's successes set in motion forces that lead to reversal.Originality/valueThis study emphasizes the importance of a broaden institutional focus for grasping important economic changes in society.

The aim of this study is to explore the role that accounting systems effectively played in managing the internal relationships among the various administrative bodies of the Comune (City State) of Siena in the 14th century. This period was characterized by an ever increasing need to monitor economic activities, a need perceived by the Comune with regard to all those who were entrusted with the management of public funds. In particular, in 1358 an office was created specifically to review the accounts of the camarlenghi (who were in charge of the management of public funds) nominated by the Comune of Siena. The office was originally staffed by three temporary Riveditori (auditors) and later by a permanent commission of Regolatori (regulators). On the basis of archival sources, so abundant on 14th century Siena, this paper analyses the changing relationships among the various administrative bodies of the Comune, in particular detail the Gabella generale and the Biccherna (which were the offices in charge of managing the main cash inflows and outflows pertaining to the administration of the Comune) and the activities of the Regolatori. By interpreting accounting systems as a set of rules (i.e., the formalised statements of procedures), roles (the network of social positions), and routines (the practices habitually in use), the present study shows that, since the Middle Ages, accounting has played a central role in the management of internal interdependencies and in the construction of organisational order. In the case of the Comune in the 14th century, accounting practices were capable of regulating, legitimising and balancing relations of power, dependency and autonomy among the different bodies of the same organisation.

Epistemic tensions between people living with asthma and healthcare professionals in clinical encounters

Gender, work and development in northwest Pakistan: working environments of Pakistani female development practitioners

The Effects of Microcredit on Women's Control over Household Spending in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis

Mangrove rice production in Guinea-Bissau relies on locally designed infrastructure (dikes, ditches, sluices) for managing fresh water and seawater level inside rice polders. The construction of this infrastructure is labour, time, and knowledge intensive and ever more challenging under climate change. We participated and documented processes of construction guided by efforts for decentering development in coastal Guinea-Bissau. Processes of collaboration and coproduction and procedures for engagement in open-ended projects remain poorly analysed in the literature. This paper discusses uses of concealment as ways of coping with procedural uncertainties in processes of collaboration. Concealment was unexpectedly used to avoid expectations created by the traditions of the aid industry and to cope with local redistributive pressures. Collaboration approaches leading to decentralised decision-making, decentralised management of funds, and coproduction of ethics are promising for understanding and overcoming persisting colonialities and power relations at interfaces of difference between researchers, NGOs, and farmers.

The paper explores the interdisciplinary trajectory of the terms "utopian" and "dystopian". It acknowledges the fact that "utopia" and "dystopia" are originally terms from literary theory that refer to specific literary genres. In the light of a recent crossover of the term "dystopian" into the vocabulary of art criticism (exhibition reviews and catalogues), as well as a current curatorial fashion of devising exhibitions on the basis of binary opposites of "utopian" and "dystopian", the paper aims to define the range of meanings, connotations and denotations of the terms "utopian" and "dystopian" in visual arts, by means of discussing the particular contexts in which they are used. The use of the term "dystopian" is discussed in the context of the following artists: Alexis Rockman, Michael Kerbow, Fabrice Monteiro, Kushal Tikle, Alice Tye, Jon Rafman, as well as in the context of Croatian artists Jasenko Rasol and Sebastijan Dračić. The term "utopian" is discussed in the context of theoretical discussions about avant-garde art, the socially engaged artistic actions of artists from the second half of the 20th century (in particular, Joseph Beuys), as well as in the context of Croatian art, specifically of Ivan Rabuzin's paintings. The paper argues that, though the terms "utopian" and "dystopian" are transmedia terms, their range of meaning differs in relation to a particular kind of art they refer to. During the approximately last one hundred years, the term "utopian" has been used in theoretical considerations as a means of describing art movements, practices and works. Sometimes it refers to a specific artistic principle, that is, an "impulse" or intention of art that implies a desire for social change through art; at other times, it refers to the visual aspect of an artwork, implying idealistic and/or idealising imagining and visualization. The term "dystopian" has been employed in the context of visual arts only recently, that is, approximately in the last ten years. It is used with the aim of describing a certain mood or atmosphere. It is usually related to the specific iconographical aspect of a work of art. Art works described as "dystopian" most often explore the themes of ecology, consumerism, oppressive social and political systems, power relations and inter-species dynamics. Both utopian and dystopian art is created as a critical response to social reality.

In Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, it is women who can be seen working the stalls of the khat markets. They separate and air out the bundles, compose the bouquets, and negotiate with consumers who are mostly men. Indeed, chewing khat to for its narcotic stimulating virtues is a largely male activity, but selling khat, on the other hand, is a female one. By observing women khat traders while they were at work we try to better understand the specific feminine aspects of the khat business. The consumption of khat is associated with pleasure, desire, and acts as a backbone of gender norms. Because they are providing khat, women maintain a space-time of intimacy where one’s always expects more from khat : evermore simulating effects for customers, evermore profitable and sustainable margins for female salespeople (Lesourd, 2019). In addition to the technical commercial skills exerted by these female sellers, they also use relational skills (Manry, 2001). By displaying their own assets and representations of khat, women trade promises to men who are expecting, hoping, and fantasizing about a sexual encounter which will probably never come to fruition (Deschamps, 2013 ; Koening, 2016 ; Broqua et al., 2019b). Therefore, amidst this intimate deal during which the debt is never paid off, ties between the seller and the purchaser are bound and linger on. The saleswomen express it in a different way : with time they have to grow a wealth of kindness to gradually replace their assets of beauty in order to retain their customers, despite younger rivals taking hold of the markets. This gendered and sexual specificity provides women with a monopoly that has served as an economic and social springboard, which has ensured employment, income, financial independence, recognition and power. However, on a global scale beyond local markets, the specificity of this business tends to wear off. In the Horn of Africa, women have nevertheless implemented their ability to circulate products by relying on various networks, such as in Djibouti, whether through marriage unions, random love affairs, through corporatist solidarity (railway workers, customs officers), or through situated identity-based collaboration. Still, it should be noted that these men who are engaged in cross-border movements, as either willing accomplices or those compelled to do so by other means, control and regulate access. They have made exchanges easier, expanded the number of customers, or, on the contrary acted as obstacles. In addition to these power relations in handling the routes is the central Ethiopian state’s ambition to transform an informal economy into a formal economy aimed at controlling a peripheral territory and its resources in a region that is not inclined to allegiance. Women, then, come up against the “privatization” or masculinization of the export sector. In this reorganization of the export sector, whether in Djibouti or Somaliland (Gebissa Ezekiel, 2004, 2010b ; Anderson et al., 2007), the transnational capital of the traders, which is linked to the logic of party loyalty, to political complicity, or, conversely, to the marginalization of one clan by upper reaches of power to the benefit of another, constitutes important power relations and calls for dense and more costly strategies that have contributed to the gradual withdrawal of women traders into “their” local territory. In this case, what got the better of women traders is not so much the mechanisms used control the sector at a national level — the limits of which can be clearly seen, particularly through the persistence of effective smuggling networks— but the logic and resistance plurality of local actors. As far as this interplay of scales is concerned, we return to the generalisation of prohibition driven by the “War on Drugs” (Hansen, 2006 ; Carrier 2008b ; Beckerleg et al., 2009 ; Gebissa Ezekiel, 2012), which gradually excludes the most modest export players, i. e. those who do not have the financial means to take risks, such as women. However, while the closure of borders mainly affects men, it raises questions about the prospects of potential future trade and fallback solutions : could women traders resist potential male pressure on their market when the few already established salesmen offer goods at a more competitive price ? Finally, another development is emerging that could also favour the integration of men into the market and harm the female sellers : there are increasingly more female khat chewing consumers and it seems that these female consumers buy their bouquets from men. There is an emergence of male shopkeepers taking on a “woman’s job”, of women consuming a “man’s product”. These reconfigurations would then raise the acute question of the feminine specificity of green trade and the role khat plays in gender relations.

The phrase ‘never let a good crisis go to waste’ is often (mis)attributed to Winston Churchill. It expresses the common perception that the sentiments evoked by crisis can be used to manipulate power relations and strategically reposition influence. Although crises can arise from tangible, objectively catastrophic external events, governmental responses to crises are accompanied by processes of framing—construction, interpretation, and communication to the community subject to governance. The framing and management of crises can contribute to the expansion of regulatory scope. Moreover, the process of scaffolding regulatory legitimacy during times of crisis involves deployment and amplification of techniques of governance such as the use of data and expert knowledge, risk management, responsibilisation, and dispersal (or non-dispersal) of funds. In political systems that have adopted neoliberalist forms, these techniques of governance cascade from state-administered functions, such as policing, health, armed forces, and emergency services, to local communities, employers, and consumers. In this way we find responsibility devolved and detached from political decision-making and, more importantly, from democratic legitimacy. Dispersed governing mechanisms steer individual practices towards certain ends so that, rather than suffering the removal of the capacity for decision-making, individuals willingly abandon it. This article explores the intersection between regulation and justice and the methods of framing crises to legitimise governance actions where those actions constrain human rights and justice claims. Analysing Australian state and federal governmental and non-governmental actions during the COVID pandemic, it will use a case study method to assert that performative compliance activity is amongst the suite of sophisticated techniques to legitimise decisions made in circumstances of crisis, even when those decisions cross traditional normative boundaries, implicitly diminishing claims to legitimacy based on democratic discourse. This article will focus on two events: the decision to ‘lock down’ community housing towers, and the decision to arrest and charge with incitement a pregnant woman for starting a Facebook post to encourage breach of lockdown restrictions. Both decisions prompted expressions of concern by civil rights groups and lawyers that human rights had been breached.

Decentralization has been a means to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in the management of local government affairs. Tanzania has undergone a reform through decentralization by devolution (D by D) and shifted relative power to lower levels of government known as local government authorities. The purpose is to improve the management of local government affair including the management of community health, free basic education and the management of contracts through public-private partnership. The objective of this paper is to review and analyse on how D by D has enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in the management of local government affairs in Tanzania. Data were collected through reviewing different documents including published journal articles, unpublished Master and PhD thesis/dissertations, government reports and online materials. Efficiency and effectiveness in the management of local government affairs are enhanced by D by D as there are improvements in the management of the community health fund as the number of households enrolled is consecutively increasing in the past five years from 543,328 in 2012/2013 to 2,251,055 in 2017/2018giving a total of 13,506,330 beneficiaries out of the total population. In the management of free fee basic education, head masters, mistress and head teachers in Singida and Ruangwa districts are successful in overcoming the challenges of free fee basic education while there is improved community participation in the management of management of contracted services in Ulanga district council. This paper recommends for reviewing and analysing how D by D has enhanced management of waste collection, the use of Government electronic Payment Gateway (GePG) in revenue collection and the efficiency and effectiveness of Tanzania Rural and Urban Roads Agency (TARURA).

ABSTRACTOne of the main goals of Haneke's cinema is to explore the creative and interpretative potential of image, which requires dynamic interaction on the part of the spectator. The specific aspect of the image that is analysed in La Pianiste/The Pianist is its mnemonic power in relation to film genre. In this movie, the image preserves a hollow memory of film genre as a point of reference in order to hold back from its conventions, to invert them or turn its formal and semantic properties on end. The aim of this article is to show that the locus for provocation resides in those subversive connections the film shares with the genres of pornography and horror. The ambiguity conveyed by the image of the feminine figure of Erika acts as a destabilizing element in the spectator's reading of these genres. In her performance of sexual contestation, not only does she shed new light on images symptomatic of pornography and horror, but she also asserts her personal liberation from social norms.

The municipalities in the Capital Region of Brussels have the same legal statuts as the other Belgian municipalities. Yet the political reality is quite different, and requires a different approach. Three specific aspects of the Brussels municipalities are discussed. They are bilingual, which leads to very specific strategical problems. Moreover the power relations between parties fluctuate a lot in Brussels. And finally the small size of the Region leads to an incremental 'emptying' of a number of local competencies by the powerfull political executive of the Region.

This chapter shares three portraits of practice from the authors' implementation of a critical writing pedagogy in an elementary ELA methods course. Critical writing pedagogies that acknowledge writing as a sociopolitical act, consider power relations and broad social forces, and position youth as social agents are uncommon in both k-12 and teacher education contexts. In sharing rich descriptions of a theoretically-driven literacy methods courses, the chapter explores how pre-service teachers engaged with and responded to three specific aspects of the course: the course launch, the use of critical reading to support writing, and a critical writing workshop. The authors discuss the tensions they experienced in their attempts towards multiple kinds of disruption and conclude with recommendations for future research.

Alternative music scene in Belgrade is created and developed almost parallel with that in the West. Members of musical subcultures have adopted norms, values and patterns of behavior based on the Western model, to a certain extent. Nevertheless, the domestic "underground" scene is a reflection of a constant process of glocalization rather than a complete global and local uniformity. Although the "scenes" were separated to some extent in the beginning, changes in the social, cultural and political context led to the occasional permeations of various subcultural groups. The mentioned permeations also reflected on the concept of the ultimate spectacle, the performance of subcultural socialization and communication – the concert. A specific aspect of individual and collective participation in the performance of contemporary rock concerts is "šutka" (Mosh pit). The aim of the research is to point out the multi-layeredness and complexity of parallel performances that take place on stage, in the audience, and in the interspace, in a way specific to metal and punk "underground concerts". In the article, I am trying to investigate at what level and to what extent mentioned subcultures are countercultures indeed, ie. in what ways in concerts, through "šutka", they question patterns, values, power relations, hierarchies, and the hegemonies of a wider society, and to what extent they are only reflections of the dominant culture in small.