Comprehensive in vitro evaluation of Indigofera hochstetteri Baker extract: Effect of chemicals in antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities

Abstract

The study aimed to analyze the pharmacological properties of medicinal plant Indigofera hochstetteri Baker extracts. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed a diverse range of secondary metabolites present in it. TLC analysis detected numerous phytochemicals with varying Rf values, aiding in different solvent systems. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 29 bioactive compounds with diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. Antimicrobial effect of I. hochstetteri Baker methanolic extract showed significant inhibitory effects against E. coli, E. aerogenes, S. flexneri, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. faecalis, B. cereus, and fungal strain C. albicans. The methanol extract also showed significant antifungal activity by inhibiting the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii in food poisoning method. MTT assays revealed significant cytotoxic activity of methanolic extract against human leukemia HL-60 cancer cells with IC50 of 116.01 μg/mL. In apoptotic study, I. hochstetteri Baker methanolic extract showed 28.84% viable cells, 30.2% early apoptosis, 35.54% late apoptosis, and 5.86% necrosis comparatively similar with standard used. The extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effect on HRBC stabilization, and protein denaturation of BSA and egg albumin denaturation with IC50 of 193.62 μg/mL, 113.94 μg/mL respectively. In anti-diabetic assays like α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and Glucose uptake assay, I. hochstetteri extract showed good anti-diabetic effect with IC50 of 60.64 μg/mL, 169.34 μg/mL, and 205.63 μg/mL respectively. In conclusion I. hochstetteri Baker have promising bioactive metabolites with significant biological activities, it can be good substitute for the chemical drugs after successful clinical studies.