Abstract
Holographic beam modulation is widely applied in optical tweezers, hard-brittle material marking, high-density storage, etc. To generate high-fidelity arbitrary 3-dimensional (3D) parallel multifoci inside the material, the spherical aberration compensated automatic differentiation (SACAD) algorithm is presented. All polarization components are included and the spherical aberration compensation is embedded in the physical model. The technique of automatic differentiation is used in the error backpropagation procedure, ensuring efficient parallel computing of pixel-by-pixel gradients. In several simulation tests, the root mean square errors of the generated 3D multifoci distributions are all less than 0.01 and the diffraction efficiencies are all beyond 90%, outperforming the results of the established algorithms. In the experiments, we have verified the advantage of SACAD algorithm in complicated 3D internal marking with spherical aberration compensation. Since the SACAD algorithm can achieve high fidelity and efficiency phase retrieval with a straightforward procedure, it has the potential to become a well-received solution for internal parallel beam modulation.
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