Abstract
This paper describes the mechanical properties and microstructure of commercially pure titanium (Grade 2) processed with Conform severe plastic deformation (SPD) and rotary swaging techniques. This technology enables ultrafine-grained to nanocrystalline wires to be produced in a continuous process. A comprehensive description is given of those properties which should enable straightforward implementation of the material in medical applications. Conform SPD processing has led to a dramatic refinement of the initial microstructure, producing equiaxed grains already in the first pass. The mean grain size in the transverse direction was 320 nm. Further passes did not lead to any additional appreciable grain refinement. The subsequent rotary swaging caused fine grains to become elongated. A single Conform SPD pass and subsequent rotary swaging resulted in an ultimate strength of 1060 MPa and elongation of 12%. The achieved fatigue limit was 396 MPa. This paper describes the production possibilities of ultrafine to nanocrystalline wires made of pure titanium and points out the possibility of serial production, particularly in medical implants.
Highlights
Much work has recently been done in the field of severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing of pure titanium [1]
Kim and Park [7] established a model explaining enhanced surface cell attachment on nanocrystallized commercially pure titanium (CP–Ti). The reason for this is that the number of nodules at the triple-point junctions of the grain microstructure increases as the grain size is refined through equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP)
The results show that the fatigue strength of ultra-fine to nano-grained titanium at 107 cycles is 60 MPa higher than conventional CP titanium Grade 4 but does not exceed that of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which has
Summary
Much work has recently been done in the field of severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing of pure titanium [1]. Kim and Park [7] established a model explaining enhanced surface cell attachment on nanocrystallized commercially pure titanium (CP–Ti) The reason for this is that the number of nodules at the triple-point junctions of the grain microstructure increases as the grain size is refined through equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP). The attempts included wire production methods such as equal-channel angular swaging (ECAS) [13] and Conform ECAP [14,15,16] Their commercialisation is under way, in the field of pure titanium wire processing. The resultant semi-finished product is transferred to a wire-drawing machine, where it is worked at an elevated temperature [17,18] This process is known as the thermomechanical treatment (TMT) of pure titanium. It summarises information which is expected to facilitate the implementation of this material in the serial production of medical implants
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