Abstract
The sodium ion cells were assembled by using Na0.53MnO2 as cathode material, pure sodium metal as anode in case of half coin cells and coconut shell-derived hard carbon in case of full coin cells. Cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and self-discharge analysis were conducted. A good rate capability, capacity retention, coulombic efficiency (99.5%), reproducibility and reversible Na-ion intercalation revealed a satisfactory performance of this cathode material. The safety related parameters including the heat generation during charging-discharging and thermal abuse tests have been executed by the means of sophisticated calorimetry instruments. It was observed that during the charging process less heat was generated than during discharging process. The exothermic reactions during thermal runaway were identified by using an accelerating rate calorimeter and pressure measurements during this thermal abuse test were performed as well. The thermal runaway of full coin cells occurred beyond 190 °C with a temperature rate (dT/dt) of 2.5 °C min−1. Such detailed analysis of heat generation and thermal abuse helps finding new and quantitative correlations between different critical thermal and safety related issues in future post Li batteries that are a prerequisite for the design of safer batteries, the safe upscaling and for the adaptation of the thermal management system.
Highlights
To cite this article: Ijaz Ul Mohsin et al 2021 J
The sodium based cathode material half-and full coin cells electrochemical performances have been profoundly investigated and the half-cell exhibited a discharge capacity of 84 mAh g−1 at a discharge rate of 0.1C in case of cathode material
The full-coin cell was developed against a promising anode material (HC) by balancing the cathode/anode capacity ratio
Summary
Na-ion batteries are emerging as an attractive alternative to state-of-the-art LIBs.[1,2,3] Similar to other energy storage devices, cathodes act as a vital component, which determines the electrochemical characteristics, safety and cost of SIBs.[4,5] Considerable attention has been paid to exploring ideal cathode materials with high specific capacity, high-rate capability and long cycle life in the last couple of years.[6,7,8,9] Several classes of cathode materials, such as oxides or phosphates (NASICON) have been intensely investigated as suitable cathodes for SIB.[6,7,8,9] The cathode materials with layered structure with P2type and O3-type are regarded as two of the promising classes of cathodes for SIBs because of their high specific capacities, broad range of working voltage and simple synthesis process.[10,11] In comparison to O3-type layered compounds, P2-type cathodes have open prismatic paths within metal oxide slabs and facilitate direct sodium-ion diffusion, indicating better high-rate properties than O3-type.[12] it usually “suffers” from the P2–O2 phase transformation when Na-ions are extracted This phenomenon introduces significant changes in the crystal volume and causes a reduction of the reversible capacity.[13]. The pressure generation after the opening of the coin cell was recorded
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