Comprehensive Assessment of Genetic Variability, Association Analysis, and Elucidation of Direct and Indirect Effects of Yield and Yield Contributing Traits From Diverse Exogenous Soybean (Glycine max L.) Genotypes in Jimma District, Southwest Ethiopia

Determining relationships among yield and some yield components using path coefficient analysis in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)

Crop improvement requires an understanding of genetic diversity and the relationships between different variables that affect seed yield. The goal of this study was to characterize twenty-two mungbean genotypes in order to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advancement, and genetic diversity as well as the correlation coefficient for nine variables and the degree to which they are associated with yield. The experiment was conducted during Kharif-1 season of 2023 following a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on key yield-attributing morphological traits viz., days to first flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, pod length, number of seeds pod-1, 100-seed weight and yield plant-1 were recorded. Based on yield and traits attributed to yield, the genotypes BMX 11140, BMX 1148, BMX 11170, BMX 11111 and BARI Mung-6 were selected as promising genotypes. The highest differences between genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were observed for number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, yield plant-1, pod length and days to first flowering. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean was recorded for the traits yield plant-1, number of pods plant-1 and 100-seed weight. Yield plant-1 showed a significant positive correlation with number of pods plant-1 (0.783**) and number of seeds pod-1 (0.738**). The traits number of pods plant-1, 100-seed weight, number of seeds pod-1, number of branches plant-1, pod length, plant height, and days to maturity exerted positive direct effect on yield plant-1 whereas days to first flowering showed negative effects. Principal component analysis revealed that the first three components explained 71.66% of the total variation among the genotypes. Cluster analysis grouped twenty-two genotypes into four distinct clusters where cluster III indicated the highest yield plant-1. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters III and II (2.33). Thus, the promising genotypes viz., BMX 11140, BMX 1148, BMX 11170, BMX 11111 and BARI Mung-6 isolated from this study can be used for developing high-yielding mungbean variety.

SummaryField experiments were conducted to determine the effects of ozone (03) on seed yield, number of seeds plant'1, number of seeds pod-1, seed size, number of pods plant-1, number of branches plant'1, and plant height of sensitive and insensitive bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes. The genetic materials used in these studies were derived by crossing ‘BBL 254’ with PI 300657, and ‘BBL 290’ with PI 304833. The two cultivars BBL 290 and BBL 254 are sensitive to 03 injury, whereas Pis 300657 and 304833 are insensitive to O, injury. Path coefficient analysis is presented for the data combined over a two-year field experiment in which the effects of eight genetic materials used on seed yield, seed yield component, and 03 injury rating were assessed. The most important path of influence on seed yield was via plant height and seed number pod-1 and pod number plant-1. The two variables, plant height and pod number plant-1 are also the most affected by Ov Therefore, selection based on seeds pod-1 and plant h...

Background: The present study was conducted to investigate the morphological characterization for quantitative traits in Lentil by assessing variance, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations, genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance. Methods: The study was carried out during the Rabi season of 2021-22 using 29 cultivated genotypes of lentil with three replications. The goal of the current study was to ascertain genetic variability for direct selection parameters of parents for further crossing programs. Five plants were chosen at random subjected to morphological observations. The different parameters were analyzed and accordingly the result was compiled. Result: Analysis of variance showed a significant difference for ten characters studied. The evaluated characters showed varying degrees of mean, variability parameters, heritability and genetic advance among the genotypes investigated. The genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) recorded ranged from low to high. The high GCV and PCV values were found for number of branches per plant number of pods per plant, biological yield and seed yield. Low GCV and PCV were recorded for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height and number of seed per pod. Heritability estimates ranged from 44.26% (number of seeds per pod) to 98.37% (number of pods per plant). Genetic advance as percent of mean was found high for number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, biological yield per plant, harvest index and seed yield per plant and low for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height and number of seeds per pod. Therefore, the result of this study suggests the existence of variability in seed yield and other agronomic traits in genotypes of lentil, which should be exploited in future breeding.

The experiment was carried out to determine the genetic variability parameters and character associations for eleven quantitative traits in Indian bean genotypes. It revealed a significant amount of variability present among these genotypes. Seed yield per plant had high Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values, showing the potential for improvement by selection. Racemes per plant, pods per raceme, pods per plant, and pod weight had moderate GCV and PCV values. There was high heritability combined with a high genetic advance for pod weight and seed yield per plant. Plant height, pods per plant, and pod weight were significantly and positively associated with seed yield per plant. Pods per plant had the most positive direct effect on seed yield per plant, followed by racemes per plant, plant height, pod weight, pod length, and seeds per pod. Therefore, selection for such traits is advised to bring about improvement in Indian beans. Keywords: Variability, Heritability, Correlation, Path analysis, Dolichos bean, Indian bean

Variability, heritability and genetic advance are basic in order to provide information for plant breeding programs. Forty nine upland rice genotypes were tested in 7*7 simple lattice design at Fogera in Wereta station of Adet Agricultural Research Center in 2012/13. The objectives of the study were to estimate the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of the genotypes tested. Analysis of variance revealed that there was highly significant difference among the 49 genotypes for all the characters studied. Accessions IR 78937-B-3-B-B-1 and IR 78937-B-3-B-B-2 had the highest yield with a score of 5374.5 kg/ha and 5305.6 kg/ha respectively. The high yielding genotype IR 78937-B-3-B-B-1 had a yield advantage of 57% and 22.2%, respectively, as compared to standard checks Nerica-4 and Hidasie. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values ranged from 2.5% for panicle length to 49.98% for number of spikelet per panicle. While the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) ranged from 2.4 % for panicle length to 47.6 % for number of spikelet per panicle. Number of tiller per plant (22.47%), number spikelet per panicle (49.98%), thousand seed weight (25.56%) and yield (23.93%) had higher PCV values. The PCV values for flag leaf length (14.79%), flag leaf width (16.12%), and culm length (16.42%) and number of panicle per plant (16.32%) were medium. Flowering cycle (7.81%), maturation cycle (2.9%), and panicle length (2.5%) had lower PCV values. GCV values were low for flowering cycle (7.21%), maturation cycle (1.82%) and panicle length (2.4%); medium for flag leaf length (14.26%), flag leaf width (15.39%), culm length (15.19 %) and number of panicle per plant (15.72%); high for number of tillers per plant (22.18 %), yield (23.07%), thousand seed weight (25.18%) and number of spikelet per panicle (47.60%). The high GCV values of these characters suggest that genetic impact is higher and environmental influence is lower. This study generally had indicated that there was significant genetic variability or divergence among the genotypes. Thus, the improvement program of the upland rice genotypes through direct selection rather than a lengthy crossing program is recommended.

Greengram is India's most significant legume crop, and because there is relatively little genetic variety, increasing productivity demands increased attention in research for the development of superior cultivars. During Kharif 2020-21, an experiment was conducted to the evaluation of the genetic parameters for yield and their associated attributes for thirty-nine Mungbean genotypes. Using a Randomised Block Design (RBD), all genotypes were sown in three replications. The observations on various quantitative characters were recorded, and the genetic parameters, PCV, GCV, heritability(bs), and genetic advance, along with the analysis of variances, were estimated. According to ANOVA, almost all genotypes exhibited significant variances for all characters. The highest GCV and PCV was found to be pod length (cm), number of pods cluster-1, number of primary branches plant-1, biological yield plant-1 as well as seed yield plant-1. The heritability was recorded high for pod length (cm) followed by number of primary branches plant-1, number of pods cluster-1, days to pod initiation, number of seeds pod-1, days to 50% flowering, seed yield plant-1, biological yield plant-1, number of effective pods plant-1. The character’s days to flower initiation, total number of pods plant-1, harvest index and number of clusters plant-1 revealed medium genetic advance. High heritability(bs) coupled high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for pod length (cm), number of branches plant-1, number of pods cluster-1, days to pod initiation, number of seeds pod-1, days to 50% flowering, seed yield plant-1, biological yield plant-1 and number of effective pods plant-1.

Correlation and path coefficient analyses are essential tools in selection experiments. They were used to determine direct and indirect relationships between yield and certain plant characters in six exotic genotypes, i.e. two Egyptian families and two Egyptian cultivars of lentil (Lens culinaris). The 10 lentil genotypes were evaluated during two successive seasons (2010/11 and 2011/12) in two locations (Sids and ElMataana Research Stations, ARC). The design used was a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications. Combined analysis of variance revealed highly significant effects (p<0.05) for genotypes (G), seasons (Y) and locations (L) for most characters evaluated. Cultivar Giza 9 showed the highest number of pods plant -1 , number of seeds plant -1 and seed yield plant -1 .Highly significant positive correlations were detected between seed yield plant -1 and each of number of pods plant -1 (r = 0.973**) and number of seeds plant -1 (r = 0.971**). However, highly significant negative correlations were observed between seed yield and each of days to 50% flowering (r = - 0.783**) and days to maturity (r = - 0.812**). Path analysis revealed that number of seeds plant -1 , followed by number of pods plant -1 had the highest positive direct effects on seed yield plant -1 (0.617** and 0.162, respectively). Number of seeds plant -1 via number of pods plant -1 gave the highest positive indirect effect on seed yield plant -1 (0.609), These results indicate that number of seeds plant -1 and number of pods plant -1 are the principal yield components, and selection for these traits may be useful in improving seed yield in lentil. Besides, the results revealed that the greatest parts of lentil yield variability were explained by the direct effect of number of seeds plant -1 (34.64%), followed by days to maturity (5.51%) and number of pods plant -1 (2.39%).From the results of correlation coefficients it can be concluded that indirect selection for any character with a significantly positive association with yield would improve the productivity of lentil crop. And that number of seeds plant -1 is the principal yield component, and selection for this trait may be useful in improving seed yield in lentil.

Knowledge of the sources and magnitude of variability among genotypes plays a pivotal role in any crop improvement program to maximize gains from selection. This experiment was conducted at Bako Agricultural Research Center in 2011 cropping season with the objective of studying and estimating the extent of genetic variability in common bean genotypes under sole and mixed cropping systems. Meanwhile, the wider range of variability observed from the mean of various quantitative traits. The genotypes that varied by cropping system depicted the presence of high level of variability. The highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values were recorded for hundred grain weight (29.56 and 35.46 g), biological yield (27.22 and 31.37) and grain yield (26.60 and 31.54 q/ha), whereas the lowest GCV and PCV values were recorded for days to maturity of sole common bean genotypes. Phenotypic variance in both sole and mixed cropping systems was higher than that of genotypic variances. This implies that, considerable contribution of environmental factors to the phenotypic expression of the genotypes. High broad sense heritability as observed under both sole and intercropping systems indicated that, genetic improvement can be obtained through further selection programme. Important agronomic traits: pods per plant, seeds per pod and branches per plant had positive and significant correlation with grain yield in most cases. Path coefficient analysis at genotypic level indicated that all traits except plant height, seeds per pod and hundred grain weights exerted their positive direct effect on grain yield. Hence, the current study identified the presence of wide variability between those common bean genotypes which can be used for further breeding program and selection can be made using those traits associated to yield. Key words: Genotypic variance, heritability, intercropping, phenotypic variance, quantitative traits, sole cropping.

In the present investigation, the genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability, correlation and path coefficient analysis were worked out for yield and its contributing characters of 77 French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) genotypes at Horticultural Research Station, TNAU, Udhagamandalam, Nilgiris,Tamil Nadu, India in 2018 with the objective of identifying desirable traits contributing to higher yield in French bean. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was slightly higher than genotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters suggesting the presence of environmental influence to some extent in the expression of these characters. High heritability along with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for plant height, pods per plant and seed yield per plant indicating that these characters would be amenable for phenotypic selection. A considerable amount of genetic variability was observed among all the genotypes for all the characters under study. Genotypic coefficients variance and Phenotypic coefficients variance were highest for seed yield per plant followed by biological yield and number of pods per plant. High genetic advance coupled with high heritability were observed for plant height, days to 50% flowering, number of primary branches per plant, pod length, pod girth, seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, biological yield and seed yield per plant. Combined results of correlation coefficient and path analysis revealed that pods per plant, pod length, pod girth, biological yield and seed yield are major component traits for improvement of grain yield. The present findings could be useful in selecting superior genotypes in French bean breeding programmes.

Study was conducted genotypes of faba bean half diallel crosses were done in winter season 2016. All genotypes (parents and hybrids) were planted in winter season 2017, in one of the agricultural fields in the Al-Sufiya region at latitude 33.28? north and longitude 43.33? east of Anbar province, using R.C.B.D. design with three replicates. Studied traits were pod length, number of pods per plant ,number of seeds per pod, seeds100 weight and seed yield. Results showed significant differences between the mean of parents and the mean of their hybrids for all studied traits. The parent (Spanish) was superior and had the highest mean of the pod length 16.610 cm, number of pod plant 15.493 pod plant-1, number of seeds pod 5.873 seed pod-1 and seed yield 124.110 g plant-1. While the parent (Dutch) recorded the highest mean for trait seed100bweight reached 142.580g. As for the means of the hybrids, hybrids (Spanish×Dutch) showed the highest mean significant for traits the pod length 24.120 cm, number of pod plant 20.420 pod plant-1 and the seed yield 212.330 g.plant-1. While the hybrid (Iraqi×Italian) gave the highest significant mean of the number of seeds pod 6.267 seed pod-1 and non-significantly from the hybrid (Spanish×Dutch). Hybrids (Iraqi×Turkish) showed the highest mean for trait seeds100 weight 176.340 g. Hybrid (Turkish×American) was superior and had the highest value of heterosis in number of pods plant 39.560%. While hybrid (Iraqi×Italian) recorded the highest value of the heterosis number of seeds pod reached 69.83% , The highest value of the heterosis in two trait seed100 weighed and seed yield was by the hybrid (Iraqi×Turkish) gave 30.820% and 78.238% sequentially. And that the variance components of the general ability to the specific ability components were less than one for all traits. This indicates the type of gene action for dominance genes in the control of the heritability of these traits.

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to assess the effect of weeding on growth, yield and yield contributing characters of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) cv. BINA mung- 4 during October 2011 to February 2012. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The trial comprised seven treatments namely, T1 = no weeding, T2 = one-stage weeding (Emergence-Flowering), T3 = one-stage weeding (Flowering-Pod setting), T4 = one-stage weeding (Pod setting- Maturity), T5 = two-stage weeding (Emergence-Flowering and Flowering-Pod setting), T6 = two-stage weeding (Flowering-Pod setting and Pod setting-Maturity) and T7 = three-stage weeding (Emergence-Flowering and Flowering-Pod setting and Pod setting-Maturity). The growth parameters such as relative growth rate (0.075 g g-1 day- 1) and net assimilation rate (0.075 g m-2day-1) showed the best performance with T2 at one-stage weeding condition (Emergence-Flowering). Three-stage weeding ensured the highest plant height (58.62 cm) as well as the highest number of branches (4.45) and leaves (10.34) plant-1. Dry weight plant-1 (12.38g) was highest from three stage weeding and the lowest from no weeding treatment. The highest number of pods (22.03) plant-1, the longest pod (5.95 cm), the highest number of seeds (17.07) pod-1 and the highest seed yield (1.38 t ha-1) were obtained from three-stage weeding (Emergence-Flowering and Flowering-Pod setting and Pod setting-Maturity) in mungbean. On the other hand, the lowest seed yield was obtained under no weeding condition. The highest seed yield resulted in higher biological yield (4.70 t ha-1) and the highest harvest index (37.15%) in three-stage weeding and the lowest from no weeding. Number of pods plant-1, length of pod, number of seeds pod-1 and 1000-seed weight showed highly significant positive correlations with seed yield. These parameters strongly influenced the growth, yield and yield contributing characters of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i1.18209 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 11(1): 53-60, 2013

Thirteen common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) accessions collected from different ecological regions of Jammu and Kashmir were evaluated at four diverse locations during kharief 2009. Significant variation was observed for most of the morphological traits. Estimates of heritability (bs) were high (&gt;60 %) for all the traits except pod length. The expected genetic gain (per cent of mean) was high (&gt;30 %) for days to maturity, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, 100-seed weight and seed yield plant-1 while it was moderate (10.0-30.0%) for days to 50 per cent flowering, number of branches plant-1, pod length and protein content. Seed yield plant-1 was observed to have a highly positive and significant correlation both at phenotypic and genotypic levels with number of pods plant-1, pod length, number of seeds pod-1 and 100-seed weight. But negative and significant correlations with days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity were estimated from pooled analysis. Classification of accessions led to the formation of two clusters wherein the maximum number 7 accessions were grouped in cluster I and the remaining six were grouped in cluster II. Analysis of traits contributing maximum to the divergence revealed that traits viz., 100-seed weight (37.10%), protein content (15.26%), number of seeds pod-1 (11.28%) and days to maturity (10.14%) to contribute to the divergence in the present experimental material.

The investigation was conducted in March to June, 2022 at CAU research farm Andro, Imphal East, Manipur, India to study the nature, magnitude and interrelationships of genetic variation present within various characters of mung bean. This study included 27 mung bean genotypes in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. Analysis of variance revealed significant genetic variation (p&lt;0.01) for all studied traits. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) values, indicating some environmental influence on trait expression. High heritability (&gt;60%) was observed for plant height, number of clusters plant-1, pod length, number of seeds plant-1, 100-seed weight, protein%, and seed yield plant-1. These traits also exhibited high genetic advance (&gt;20%), suggesting a significant role of additive gene effects. Seed yield plant-1 displayed positive correlations with number of clusters plant-1, number of pods plant-1, pod length, number of seed pod-1 and 100-seed weight at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Path analysis revealed that number of pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1 were the most significant contributors to seed yield. These findings suggest that selection for these traits, along with indirect selection for pod length, 100-seed weight, flowering time, and protein%, could be effective strategies for improving mung bean yield.

Variability, heritability and genetic advance are basic in order to provide information for plant breeding programs. Forty nine upland rice genotypes were tested in 7*7 simple lattice design at Fogera in Wereta station of Adet Agricultural Research Center in 2012/13. The objectives of the study were to estimate the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of the genotypes tested. Analysis of variance revealed that there was highly significant difference among the 49 genotypes for all the characters studied. Accessions IR 78937-B-3-B-B-1 and IR 78937-B-3-B-B-2 had the highest yield with a score of 5374.5 kg/ha and 5305.6 kg/ha respectively. The high yielding genotype IR 78937-B-3-B-B-1 had a yield advantage of 57% and 22.2%, respectively, as compared to standard checks Nerica-4 and Hidasie. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values ranged from 2.5% for panicle length to 49.98% for number of spikelet per panicle. While the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) ranged from 2.4% for panicle length to 47.6% for number of spikelet per panicle. Number of tiller per plant (22.47%), number spikelet per panicle (49.98%), thousand seed weight (25.56%) and yield (23.93%) had higher PCV values. The PCV values for flag leaf length (14.79%), flag leaf width (16.12%), and culm length (16.42%) and number of panicle per plant (16.32%) were medium. Flowering cycle (7.81%), maturation cycle (2.9%), and panicle length (2.5%) had lower PCV values. GCV values were low for flowering cycle (7.21%), maturation cycle (1.82%) and panicle length (2.4%); medium for flag leaf length (14.26%), flag leaf width (15.39%), culm length (15.19%) and number of panicle per plant (15.72%); high for number of tillers per plant (22.18%), yield (23.07%), thousand seed weight (25.18%) and number of spikelet per panicle (47.60%). The high GCV values of these characters suggest that genetic impact is higher and environmental influence is lower. This study generally had indicated that there was significant genetic variability or divergence among the genotypes. Thus, the improvement program of the upland rice genotypes through direct selection rather than a lengthy crossing program is recommended.