Abstract
Despite recent technological advancements allowing the characterization of cancers at a molecular level along with biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, the management of ovarian cancers (OC) remains challenging. Proteins assume functions encoded by the genome and the complete set of proteins, termed the proteome, reflects the health state. Comprehending the circulatory proteomic profiles for OC subtypes, therefore, has the potential to reveal biomarkers with clinical utility concerning early diagnosis or to predict response to specific therapies. Furthermore, characterization of the proteomic landscape of tumor-derived tissue, cell lines, and PDX models has led to the molecular stratification of patient groups, with implications for personalized therapy and management of drug resistance. Here, we review single and multiple marker panels that have been identified through proteomic investigations of patient sera, effusions, and other biospecimens. We discuss their clinical utility and implementation into clinical practice.
Highlights
Ovarian cancer (OC) is often used as an umbrella term referring to malignancies caused by ovarian epithelial inclusion cysts that are trapped beneath the surface of the epithelium of the ovary as well as malignancies in the peritoneum and fallopian tube [1]
Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) scoring is based on the tumor-node-metastasis (T-N-M) approach which systematically describes the extent of the tumor (T) as well as its spread to lymph nodes (N) and potential metastasis (M) and categorizes OC into 4 stages
Investigation of serum proteome using mass spectrometry platforms has led to the identification of many differential markers including the three- biomarker panel consisting of apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), transthyretin, and inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 as well as CTAPIII and PF4 [26,64,65,66] (Table 1)
Summary
Ovarian cancer (OC) is often used as an umbrella term referring to malignancies caused by ovarian epithelial inclusion cysts that are trapped beneath the surface of the epithelium of the ovary as well as malignancies in the peritoneum and fallopian tube [1]. Stage II and III OCs are removed by debulking surgery followed by treatment with a combination of platinum and taxane chemotherapy which leads to considerable improvement in survival [5]. Stage III tumors are categorized by the spread to the adjacent peritoneum through metastasis. Stage IV is defined through distant metastasis and frequently treated by a combination of debulking surgery to remove the primary tumor and chemotherapy to target metastases. Primary complete debulking surgery (PDS) strikingly increases survival for advanced-stage OC, it is not a perfect approach and many patients suffer from the recurring disease. The tumor burden needs to be reduced before PDS This is frequently achieved through neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and referred to as interval debulking surgery [12]. As OC is a complex heterogeneous disease, biomarkers predicting the responsiveness of tumors to drugs, which would thereby guide personalized treatment, would be of great clinical utility (Figure 1b)
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