Abstract
TiO2 is an important oxide for property modifications in the conventional soda lime silicate glass family. It offers interesting optical and mechanical properties, for instance, by substituting heavy metals such as lead in consumer glasses. The compositional effects on the hardness, reduced elastic modulus and crack resistance as determined by indentation of chemically strengthened (CS) TiO2-doped soda lime silicate glass was studied in the current paper. The CS, which was performed by a K+ for Na+ ion exchange in a molten KNO3 salt bath at 450 °C for 15 h, yielded significant changes in the indentation mechanical properties. The hardness of the glass samples increased, and this was notably dependent on the SiO2, CaO and TiO2 content. The reduced elastic modulus was less affected by the CS but showed decrease for most samples. The crack resistance, an important property in many applications where glasses are subjected to contact damage, showed very different behaviors among the series. Only one of the series did significantly improve the crack resistance where low CaO content, high TiO2 content, high molar volume and increased elastic deformation favored an increased crack resistance.
Highlights
Soda lime silicate (SLS) glass compositions dominate a wide range of industrial applications [1]
The mixed alkali effect [54] is generally not seen in chemically strengthened (CS) glasses [55] and the hardness generally increases with CS
CS generally yields an increase in the hardness, but a less apparent change is the reduced elastic modulus, and the underlying reasons for this are probably primarily caused by the CS-induced compressive-stress profiles
Summary
Soda lime silicate (SLS) glass compositions dominate a wide range of industrial applications [1]. The industrial importance of this glass composition originates from its forming ability that yields a low-cost manufacturing process [2] and transparency in the visible range, relatively high hardness and good chemical durability. Due to their brittle, fracturing nature and their low resistance to surface defects, the practical strength of commercially available glass products is low [3]. Strengthened glass products are used in a wide variety of applications, e.g., architectural, automotive, containers, displays, cover glasses and household glasses. CS has found applications in other market segments, e.g., photovoltaics [10,11,12], automotive [13], wine glasses (e.g., the Stem Zero collection from Nude Glass), architectural applications [14] and flexible photonics [15]
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