Complete Feed Silage Innovation: Utilization of Agro-Industry By-Products with Chestnut Tannin as Additives

This study seeks to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of tofu waste silage with the inclusion of refined rice bran and chestnut tannins as additives. This study employed an experimental method using a completely randomized design, comprising four treatments and five replications. The treatments included are T1: Fresh Tofu Waste (FTW as control), T2: FTW + 5% fine rice bran (DM basis), T3: FTW + 1% chestnut tannin (DM basis), and T4: FTW + 5% fine rice bran + 1% chestnut tannin (DM basis). The variables measured were temperature, humidity, pH, mold growth, aroma, texture, color, and dry matter loss. The data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan's multiple range test was applied at a 5% significance level to assess significant differences between treatments. The findings revealed that the inclusion of fine rice bran and chestnut tannin had a significant impact (P<0.05) on the temperature, humidity, pH, mold growth, aroma, texture, color, and dry matter loss of fresh tofu waste silage. In conclusion, the addition of 5% fine rice bran and 1% chestnut tannin resulted in tofu waste silage with superior physico-chemical quality, as evidenced by the lowest dry matter loss compared to the other treatments.

Soybean meal is a widely used protein source for ruminants, but its high ruminal degradability can limit its nutritional value. Tannins reduce ruminal crude protein degradability by forming tannin-protein complexes, which are facilitated by water addition and heat during drying. The study evaluated the effects of drying methods (freeze-dried, 50 °C, 80 °C) combined with two tannin types (chestnut and quebracho) at two concentrations (50 and 100 g/kg) on the in vitro degradability and digestibility of soybean meal dry matter and crude protein. Tannins combined with drying methods effectively reduced ruminal degradation of soybean meal protein. The drying at 80 °C combined with chestnut or quebracho tannins at both concentrations (except 100 g/kg chestnut tannins) showed the largest reduction in ruminal crude protein degradability without negatively affecting post-ruminal digestibility. The most effective combination for reducing crude protein (-42.3%) degradability compared to the control was 50 g/kg chestnut tannins with drying at 80 °C without affecting in vitro dry matter and crude protein digestibility. This combination also increased by-pass protein content (431 g/kg DM) and improved its digestibility by 21%.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-14678-6.

Background: The year-round availability and nutritional adequacy of forage for ruminants can be effectively addressed through the development of complete feed silage, as conventional forage sources often lack sufficient crude protein to meet dietary requirements. Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the differences in the different types of forage used in making complete feed silage on physical quality and nutritional content. Methods: The research method used a completely randomized design experiment consisting of 3 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment consisted of P1: 50% concentrate + 50% odot grass, P2: 50% concentrate + 50% corn stalks and P3: 50% concentrate + 50% kolonjono grass. Parameters measured were physical quality (color, aroma, texture and presence of mushrooms) and nutritional content consisting of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and crude fiber). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and continued with Duncan. Results: The results showed that complete feed silage using different forages produced good physical quality the color is yellowish green to brownish green, the aroma is slightly sour to sour, the texture is hard to slightly soft and not moldy. Conclusion: complete feed silage, using corn stalks produces the best crude protein, namely 14.11%.

To study the effect of different doses of feed additive TC VMP in the composition of complete feed granular feed on the digestibility of nutrients and retention of Nitrogen in young rabbits with intensive cultivation technology, a scientific and economic experiment was conducted. To carry out a balance experiment, four rabbits were selected from each group of test animals, which were placed individually in specially equipped cages. The experiment was performed by the method of groups in three periods: preparatory – 7 days, preliminary – 5 days, accounting – 6 days. Analysis of feed, feces, urine was performed according to generally accepted methods of zoochemical analysis. For feeding young animals of experimental groups of rabbits used complete ration granular feed, in the structure of which there was a different content of feed additives. Rabbits were fed complete feed granular feed where the content of wheat bran was – 25.7%, barley grain – 13.0%, corn grain – 5.0%, soybean meal – 2.5%, sunflower meal – 15.0%, hay flour alfalfa – 25.0%, oats – 10.0%, table salt – 0.35%. The nutritional value of granular complete feed for all experimental groups of rabbits was the same. According to the balance experiment, the best indicators of nutrient digestibility were found in young rabbits of New Zealand breed, with a feeding dose of feed additive TC VMP in the composition of granular feed – 3.5%. At this dose, the coefficient of digestibility of organic matter was 63.3%, crude protein – 67.9, crude fat – 74.1, crude fiber – 24.8 and nitrogen-free extractives – 72.3%, which increased the digestibility of organic matter by 2.5%, crude protein by 3.9% (p≤0.05), crude fat by 2.9%, crude fiber and BER by 1.9 and 2.6%, respectively, in young rabbits, with intensive rearing on meat. It was found that in the body of animals of the experimental group, which were fed as part of the feed additive of TC VMP in the amount of 3.5%, the ratio between the amount of nitrogen absorbed from the consumed rabbits of this experimental group was dominated by animals from the control group by 2.92% 0.05). Thus, research data indicate a positive effect of feed additive TC VMP on the growth and development of young rabbits of New Zealand breed. Key words: digestibility coefficient, young rabbits, compound feed, organic matter, protein, fat, fiber, copper.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of chestnut tannins (CHTs) on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, in situ crude protein (CP) digestibility, protease enzymes, and microbial community composition in sheep. Eighteen 1.5-year-old sheep (43.0 ± 2.0 kg initial BW) fitted with permanent ruminal cannula were selected and randomly divided into three groups, which were fed with CHTs added at 0, 2, and 6%/kg DM. The pre-feeding period lasted for 12 days, and the actual trial period was 18 days. Rumen fluid was collected to assess in situ crude protein (CP) degradability, while rumen digesta was analyzed for total and ruminal proteolytic bacterial populations. Using one-way ANOVA in SAS to analyze data, the results indicated that 2% CHT reduced in situ degradability by 26.23%, while 6% reduced it by 58.01% in the rumen of the sheep. The CP apparent digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, and population of proteolytic bacteria of sheep were decreased in the 6% CHT group (p < 0.05), while the above indices of the 2% CHT group were not affected. Furthermore, CHT supplementation significantly altered the ruminal microbial community structure. Particularly in the 2% CHT group, the relative abundances of Bacteroidota and Prevotella increased. LEfSe analysis revealed that Bacteroidale replaced U29-B03 as the dominant microbiota at 2% CHT. Doses of 2% CHT can be incorporated into sheep diets without impairing digestion. These findings support the inclusion of CHT doses of less than 2% for enhancing protein digestion and increasing the types of beneficial bacteria in the rumen, while doses above 6% should be avoided.

The problem facing dairy cow producers in tropical area is the low availability of proper nutrition, especially during the dry season. One solution to overcome this problem is to utilize technology of Complete Feed (CF) silage using ensiled several local abundant ingredients from agricultural wastes. This study aimed to find a formulation of CF silage from agricultural wastes as forage substitution for dairy cows to increase yield and quality of the milk. The study was conducted on dairy farms in Enrekang District, South Sulawesi of Indonesia. The formulations of CF silage used in the study were tested both in vitro and in vivo and compared with the farmer's practices that using elephant grass plus rice bran. A total of 20 Holstein Friesian dairy cows in 4-5 months lactation with a lactation period of 3rd-5th were used for in vivo study. The treatments were Elephant Grass + Rice Bran (EG-RB), Elephant Grass + Concentrate (EG-CON), Complete Feed Silage made from straws (CF-S) and complete feed silage made from straws and vegetable wastes (CF-VW). The results of this study showed that the dry matter intake and milk yield of dairy cow were higher in EG-CON, CF-S and CF-VW compared to EG-RB and were not different among EG-CON, CF-S and CF-VW. The crude protein, lactose, calcium and phosphorus of the milk were higher in the EG-CON, CF-S and CF-VW than EG-RB and were not different among EG-CON, CF-S and CF-VW. Fat content, density and pH of the milk were not different among treatments. In conclusion, in order to maintain and to improve the yield and quality of milk in dairy cows, the agriculture wastes, such as straws and vegetable wastes can be used as the basal feed of dairy cows for fodder substitution in the form of CF silage.

Stunting is a condition when toddler have less height compared to age, caused by poor nutrition. Probolinggo is one of area which produces moringa leaves, one of good local food ingredients for supplementary food, could be modified with chicken nugget. The research aimed to compare nutrient levels in chicken nugget as supplementary foods which modified with and without moringa leaves. Data were collected by proximate test in August 2020. The results showed nutrient levels of chicken nugget without moringa leaves had 19.2% crude protein, 2.8% crude fat, and 1.7% crude fiber. Meanwhile, nutrient levels of chicken nugget with 50 g moringa leaves (20% of chicken meat) had 18.4% crude protein, 2.8% crude fat, and 3.4% crude fiber. Based on result, it could be concluded that there is no significant difference of nutrition levels (crude protein and crude fat) between two samples, but the chicken nugget with moringa leaves has higher crude fiber than chicken nugget without moringa leaves. Thus, the chicken nugget with moringa leaves could be used as supplementary food for toddler with high crude protein and crude fiber.

In beef cattle breeding, it is necessary to identify and widely use animals characterized by high rates of nutrient utilization in the diet for the synthesis of meat products. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of digestion of nutrients in the diet of purebred bull calves of the breeds Simmental (group I) and Limousine (group II) and their crossbreeds of the first (½ Simmental × ½ Limousine – group III), the second (¼ Simmental × ¾ Limousine – group IV) and the third (1/8 Simmental × 7/8 Limousine – V group) generations. It was found that due to the heterosis effect, crossbred bull calves of the first generation of group III outperformed their counterparts of other experimental groups in dry matter intake by 67.8 to 255.3 g (0.86 to 3.31%), organic matter – by 61.3 to 230.8 g (0.84 to 3.24%), crude protein – by 10.5 to 78.1 g (0.99 to 7.85%), crude fat – by 1.7 to 6.4 g (0.90 to 3.50%), crude fiber – by 21.5 to 81.4 g (1.20 to 4.70%), BEV – by 27.6 to 354.8 g (0.65 to 9.04%). The purebred Simmental bull calves of group I differed in the minimum consumption of all types of nutrients. Similar intergroup differences were observed in the digestibility of feed nutrients. The crossbred bull calves of group III outperformed the bull calves of the other experimental groups by weight of digested dry matter by 119.8 to 390.3 g (2.37 to 8.15%), organic matter – 130.6 to 396.6 g (2.87 to 8.71%), crude protein – by 22.5 to 98.3 g (3.24 to 15.90%), crude fat – by 2.7 to 9.2 g (2.11 to 7.58%), crude fiber – by 67.9 to 162.1 g (7.28 to 19.33%), BEV – by 37.5 to 417.0 g (1.26 to 15.54%). The highest coefficients of digestibility of nutrients were characterized by crossbred bull calves of groups III and IV. They better digested dry matter by 2.91 to 1.73%, organic – by 3.38 to 1.96%, crude protein – by 4.63 to 2.29%, crude fat – by 2.62 to 0.56%, crude fiber – by 6.76 to 1.87%, BEV – by 4.08 to 2.72% than peers of groups I, II and V.

The main problem with cocoa pod is the high crude fiber content and lowcrude protein. A treatment needed to change the nutritional content, one of which isfermentation. In this study, fermentation used Indigenous microorganisms which wereYL (MOIYL). This research lasted for 3 months which was carried out from July toSeptember 2018 at the Laboratory of Animal Production and the Laboratory of AnimalNutrition Sciences at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatra. Theresearch design used was Factorial 4 x 4 Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 3replications where factor 1 was the various levels of inoculum of Indigenous YL(MOIYL) and factor 2 was the length of fermentation (incubation) with measuredparameters of crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and ash content using proximateanalysis.The results showed that cocoa pod fermentation using Indigenous YL (MOIYL)microorganisms could improve the quality of nutrient content including the highestwater content with a dose of 3% with a 7 day fermentation of 11.75% and the lowestwithout Moiyl with 21 days fermentation time of 10.02%. highest crude protein with 5%dose with 7 days fermentation of 11.89% and the lowest without Moiyl with 28 daysfermentation of 7.18%, highest crude fat at 5% with 7 days fermentation at 1.33% andthe lowest without Moiyl with 28 days fermentation time is 1.22%, while the highestcrude fiber is 5% with 7 days fermentation of 21.3% and the lowest is 5% with 28 daysfermentation of 23.93%, the highest dry matter is 3% with 7 days fermentation timeequal to 88.24% and the lowest without Moiyl with 7 days long 89.95%, highest ashcontent with d osis 1% with a 7 day fermentation time of 9.52% and the lowest ashcontent without Moiyl with a 7 day fermentation time of 11.17%. The results of thisstudy concluded that cocoa pod fermentation using 5% Indigenous YL (MOIYL)microorganisms and 7 days fermentation time could increase water content, crudeprotein, and crude fat, while crude fiber, dry matter, and ash content decreased.

Solid bread is ruminant feed made from solid ex-decanter that has gone through a mixing process with local ingredients and has been molded into a circle so that it looks like bread and is referred to as solid bread. This study uses experimental methods. Consists of 3 levels of treatment, namely: without fermentation, 7 days of fermentation, and 14 days of solid fermentation using EM-4. The addition of local ingredients, namely cassava (onggok), palm kernel meal, molasses, salt, and lime can help the nutritional content of solid bread to conform to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The parameters tested in this study were: crude protein (PK), crude fat (LK), crude fiber (SK), ash, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and water. Unfermented solid bread contains 14.05% crude protein, 9.23% crude fat, 20.46% crude fiber, 5.10% ash, 0.8097% calcium, 0.744% phosphorus, 8.17% water. The 7-day fermented solid bread contains 22.79% crude protein, 8.04% crude fat, 12.27% crude fiber, 4.20% ash, 0.8931% calcium, 0.794% phosphorus, 8.98% water. Fermented solid bread for 14 days contains 28.20% crude protein, 7.87% crude fat, 9.32% crude fiber, 3.82% ash, 0.9378% calcium, 0.829% phosphorus, 9.56% water. The results of this study indicate that several treatments, namely non-fermented, fermented for 7 days, fermented for 14 days, and some of the nutritional content of solid bread have met SNI. Crude protein, crude fiber, ash, calcium, and water content meet SNI but some do not meet SNI such as crude fat, and phosphorus in 7-day fermentation and 14-day fermentation. In non-fermentation, phosphorus has met SNI.

Banana peel is banana processing waste that can be used as poultry feed, but because of its high crude fiber content, it is necessary to do processing to reduce it, one way is by processing processes such as fermentation. The fermentation process takes time to get good nutritional results. This study aims to determine the content of crude protein, crude fiber and crude fat of banana peels fermented with SOC at different times. This study used an experimental method with a Complete Randomized Design with three treatments and six repeats. The three treatments are W0= (0 hours), W1= 24-hour fermentation, and W2= 72-hour fermentation. The observation parameters are crude protein content, crude fiber, and crude fat. The results showed that the SOC Fermented Kepok banana peel nutrition showed the highest crude protein analysis results were P2 with an average crude protein of 22.14% and differed very markedly from P1 and P0, with the lowest crude protein average at P0: 10.20%. The results of the analysis of the highest crude fiber content were P0 with an average crude fiber of 22.38% and differed very significantly from P1 and P2 with the lowest average crude fiber at P2: 15.30%. The highest crude fat content analysis was P2 with an average crude fat of 16.67% and differed markedly from P1 and P0, with the lowest average crude fat at P0; 13,71%. Fermentation of kapok banana peel with SOC for 72 hours produced 22.14% protein, 15.30 crude fiber, and 16.67% crude fat.

Nakaseke district is located in the central region of Uganda and has high abundance of edible Aframomum anguistifolium (wild cardamom) fruit, locally known as "Amatuunguru''.The fruit is consumed by only few people who access it from the wild and there is limited information on the nutritional benefits of the fruit.This study determined the utilization and consumptive benefits of A. anguistifolium fruits among the local communities of Nakaseke district as well as the proximate composition of the fruit.A cross-sectional survey using an interview guide was conducted to establish the utilization and consumptive benefits of the fruit while the proximate composition (crude protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber and ash, moisture) was determined using standard methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC).The results revealed that fruits are collected and consumed by the local communities because of their nutritional and medicinal values.A. anguistifolium plant is not domesticated despite the different consumptive benefits accrued from it.The results revealed that children are the major collectors (consumers) of the fruit (48%) compared to women and men and they collect the fruit from the wild as they go about their chores like collecting firewood, tending grazing animals and fetching water.The fruit's availability is highest in the rainy season and maturity indicators include the fruit exocarp turning red in colour.The exocarp is removed and thrown away during consumption leaving the inside part which is edible.The fruit was found to contain moisture (72.98%).The content of the dry matter was ash (13.97%), crude fat (4.35%), crude protein (6.82%), crude fiber (12.55%) and nitrogenfree extracts/NFE (62.30%).Hence the fruit is a suitable supplement for moisture, fats, proteins and crude fiber needed in human diet.The plant is still collected from the wild and grows mainly in swampy areas (wetlands) which are being cleared for agriculture, settlement and road construction.This plant could be endangered if its conservation is not prioritized.

Impact of raking and baling patterns on alfalfa hay dry matter and quality losses

This study aims to determine the potential of rations based on local raw materials as a substitute for commercial rations for crude protein, crude fat, and fiber content. This study uses local feed ingredients in Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province: local corn, rice bran, palm kernel cake, fish meal, maggot, stone flour, topmix, and commercial rations with the brand AL 100-II Comfeed produced by PT. Japfa Comfeed Indonesia Tbk. This research method is an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD), with five ration treatments and four replications. The treatment rations were A (100% Commercial / Control Ration), B (75% Commercial Ration + 25% Local Ration), C (50% Commercial Ration + 50% Local Ration), D (25 % Commercial Ration + 75% Local Ration) and E (100% Local Basal Ration). The parameters measured were crude protein (%), crude fat (%), and crude fiber (%). The results showed that the nutritional quality of local and factory rations at specific compositions had no significant effect (P>0.05) on crude protein, crude fat, and fiber content. This study concluded that the composition of the mixture of local and commercial rations did not affect the nutritional content, especially crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber. Crude protein content ranges from 16.87% to 17.96%, crude fat from 5.17% to 6.29%, and crude fiber from 5.17% to 6.29%.

This study aimed to evaluate the processing of ammoniated, biofermented and amorphous corn husks on physical quality, dry matter, ash content, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen free extract (NFE). This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments given were P1: untreated corn husks (control), P2: ammoniated corn husks (2% urea), P3: fermented corn husks (5% Aspergillus niger), and P4: amofered corn husks (2% urea + 5% Aspergillus niger). The variables observed included physical quality and nutrient content (dry matter, ash, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen free extract). The data obtained analyzed using Analysis of Variety and followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results of the study had a significant effect on the physical quality, dry matter, ash, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract (P<0,05), but had no effect (P>0,05) on the ash content. Amopheric processing has the best effect on physical quality, crude protein and crude fiber content of corn husks. Fermentation processing gives the best effect on ether extract and nitrogen free extract.