Compilation of a harmonized point collection of the vertical deformation componentfrom the 7.6 Mw Limón Earthquake of 1991 in Costa Rica and a comparisonwith the current state of deformation

Global Positioning System (GPS) observations in Costa Rica from 1994 to 1997 reveal a complex pattern of motion consistent with the superposition of seismic cycle and secular plate margin deformation. In the south, velocity vectors are consistent with motion of the Panama Block plus postseismic deformation following the 1991 Limon earthquake and interseismic strain due to partial locking of the Middle America Trench (MAT) thrust. In the northwest, sites west of the volcanic arc are moving to the NW as a forearc sliver. Superimposed on this sliver motion are vertical and horizontal interseismic deformations from the adjacent Nicoya segment of the MAT. We apply two different inverse methods to understand the source of the seismic strain in NW Costa Rica. We compare fault‐locking models derived using a singular value decomposition inversion with that of a simulated annealing global optimization approach. Both methods yield similar models for partial locking of the thrust interface beneath the Nicoya Peninsula. Our results define an area of nearly fully locked fault beneath the outer coast of the southern portion of the peninsula, with somewhat lower coupling beneath the northern half and with low coupling elsewhere. These initial results show the promise for detailed imaging of the locked portion of a thrust interface responsible for future large subduction zone earthquakes.

In this study we present microstructural data from hydrothermal veins in the sedimentary cover and the igneous basement recovered from Hole U1414A, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 344 (Costa Rica Seismogenesis Project), to constrain deformation mechanism operating in the subducting Cocos Plate. Cathodoluminescence studies, mechanical e‐twin piezometry and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses of carbonate veins were used to give insights into the deformation conditions and to help to understand the tectonic deformation history of the Cocos Plate offshore Costa Rica. Analyses of microstructures in the sedimentary rocks and in the basalt of the igneous basement reveal brittle deformation, as well as crystal‐plastic deformation of the host rock and the vein material. Cathodoluminescence images showed that in the basalt fluid flow and related precipitation occurred over several episodes. The differential stresses, obtained from two different piezometers using the same parameter (twin density), indicate various mean differential stresses of 49 ± 11 and 69 ± 30 MPa and EBSD mapping of calcite veins reveals low‐angle subgrain boundaries. Deformation temperatures are restricted to the range from 170°C to 220°C, due to the characteristics of the existing twins and the lack of high‐temperature intracrystalline deformation mechanisms (>220°C). The obtained results suggest that deformation occurred over a period associated with changes of ambient temperatures, occurrence of fluids and hydrofracturing, induced differential stresses due to the bending of the plate at the trench, and related seismic activity.

The Jakarta-Bandung high speed train is one of the national strategic plans. The high speed train route connects the Jakarta city to the Bandung city. The route needs to be detailed topography and checking of vertical deformations that occur along its route. This study aims to determine the conditions of vertical deformation in four stations and the Jakarta Bandung high speed train route. The spatial information of vertical deformation was extracted from the X SAR (2000) and Sentinel data (2018). The method used was Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (DinSAR). The vertical deformation was obtained from the reduction of topography in 2018 with the topography of 2000. Both of these topography must meet the tolerance of 1.96 sigma so that the resulting deformation is also more optimal. The results of this study can be used to reference the determination of high speed train route based on conditions of vertical deformation.

"The Jakarta-Bandung high speed train is one of the national strategic plans. The high speed train route connects the Jakarta city to the Bandung city. The route needs to be detailed topography and checking of vertical deformations that occur along its route. This study aims to determine the conditions of vertical deformation in four stations and the Jakarta Bandung high speed train route. The spatial information of vertical deformation was extracted from the X SAR (2000) and Sentinel data (2018). The method used was Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (DinSAR). The vertical deformation was obtained from the reduction of topography in 2018 with the topography of 2000. Both of these topography must meet the tolerance of 1.96 sigma so that the resulting deformation is also more optimal. The results of this study can be used to reference the determination of high speed train route based on conditions of vertical deformation. "

<p indent="0mm">To address the insufficient research on the measurement of static and dynamic deformations of super high- rise buildings during the construction stage, a structural health monitoring (SHM) system was installed on the main structure of a practical super high-rise building with a height of <sc>335 m.</sc> Thus the temperature deformation, vertical deformation, and dynamic displacement of the main structure during the construction stage were measured and analyzed. The uneven distribution of temperature in the main structure during the construction stage was identified, and the strain characteristics of the structure under the influence of temperature were analyzed. The results showed that the strain caused by seasonal temperature difference was greater than the strain caused by the self-weight of the upper structure and the concrete shrinkage and creep over the same period. The developments of the vertical deformation and the inter-story uneven deformation during the construction stage were explained. The degree of uneven deformation increased with structural height and time. The maximum deformation difference among the points of the same floor was <sc>5.3 mm.</sc> The axial stress of the girder was positive correlated with the difference in vertical strain between the two ends of the girder. The difference in vertical deformation between the outer frame and the core tube could lead to tensile cracking in the girder. A structural dynamic displacement estimation method based on Kalman filtering was proposed, which could improve could the accuracy of dynamic displacement estimation by fusing acceleration data and strain data, and could accurately estimate the dynamic displacement of super high-rise building under dynamic construction loads.

Mechanical properties evaluation of crumb rubber asphalt mixture for elastic trackbed

Effects of reduced inflation pressure and vehicle loading on off-road traction and soil stress and deformation state

In order to improve the safety of containerized transport unit in palletized transport, this paper designs a new structural vibration damping pallet. Compared with the pallets that rely on material damping, the former is less affected by the environment, and can limit the horizontal and vertical deformation, making it elastic vertically to ensure the stability of cargo stacking. The relationship between its elastic deformation and material properties, size parameters and loads is obtained by establishing the mechanical model of the S-beam damping structure. Through finite element simulation of the static elastic deformation of the pallet, the relative error between the simulation and the theoretical results is only about 1%, which verifies the theoretical basis of the vibration damping structure and reliability of the finite element modeling. In random vibration simulation, the S-shaped structural vibration damping pallet has a damping effect from 11.2Hz, and it reduces vibration energy of the traditional pallet by 46.3% and 9.3% less than the EPE material damping pallet and covers a wider damping frequencies. The results show that the pallet has obvious vibration reduction effect, can effectively protect the cargo and increase security of palletized transport.

Fiber reinforced elastomeric isolators for the seismic isolation of bridges

Sandy beaches are representing primary accumulative shore forms within a surf impact site in coastal zone of a Seas. Usual beaches was made up by drifts and its are most dynamic accumulative forms. They are changing during every storm, they can have expansion and diminution in environment that were formed during past centuries. During past decades began exact instrumental measurements of sandy beaches on natural sites. As a result, various calculative linear and volumetrical beach values were discovered.Sandy beaches are significant recreational resource and mean of natural defence of native shores against wave abrasion. It is basic state indicator of the coastal zone nature features and source of sand and gravel sediments for building usage. In natural coastal condition of the Black Sea shoreline deformation constitute ±47 m maximal along bars and spits and along active cliffs up to ±23 m during decades on the stationary sites. During long time in most causes vertical stormy deformations of a beach surfaces can be ≤ 2,8 m on accumulative coastal relief forms, and along abrasive slopes its limited by thickness of beach stratum sands. On every coastal sector with resemble physical-geographical sandy beaches to-wards gravitate by average linear and volumetric sizes, in spite of stormy values sparseness. Within all of the Black Sea sandy beaches are developing in condition of acute drift deficit.

Summary Monitoring of static ground deformations that occur as a response to pressure build-up in the subsurface can provide direct feedback of the geomechanical behaviour of the CO2 storage reservoir over time. The ability of embedded fibre optic Distributed Strain Sensing (DSS) cables to register vertical ground deformations with sufficient sensitivity for CO2 storage monitoring has been demonstrated by novel and simulated deformation tests. Quantification of crossline deformations based on axial strain measurements along a DSS cable depends on several factors such as the mechanical coupling of the cable to the ground, the shape of crossline deformations and the spatial resolution of the axial strain readings. The DSS cables were interrogated using Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry based on Rayleigh backscatter and different cable configurations were tested (with and without micro anchors). Very high sensitivity to crossline deformations was demonstrated and uplift of ∼0,1mm over 1m length or a slope gradient of 0.01% could clearly be observed by the axial strain response recorded by the DSS cable. The novel application of using DSS cables for monitoring ground deformation above CO2 storage complexes is especially relevant for offshore CCS were other possible monitoring techniques are limited or very expensive.

Safety standards for domestic trampolines are based on static-load testing using a factor of five times the maximum intended user mass. This paper presents a dynamic test method for trampolines, and provides measures of the users’ performance (e.g., peak acceleration, Accmax) and injury risk (e.g., mean rate of change of acceleration, Jerkmean). Uniform masses (41–116 kg) were dropped from 0.66 m onto the bed centre of nineteen different trampolines. Trampoline bed and spring stretches, mass flight time (FlightT) and accelerations were recorded using motion capture and accelerometers. Thirty-seven percent of trampolines exceeded the static safety standard bed deformation limits (80% of frame height) by 11 ± 6% with dynamic testing (mean ± standard deviation). Across all trampolines and masses dropped, the Accmax ranged from 5.1 to 7.6 g, suggesting the factor of five used in static-loading safety standards needs reviewing. Statistically significant negative correlations (p < 0.05) were found between trampoline bed diameter and Accmax (r = – 0.88), Jerkmean (r = – 0.77) and FlightT (r = – 0.82). Furthermore, significant correlations (p < 0.05) were also found between the mass dropped and Accmax (r = – 0.27), Jerkmean (r = – 0.59) and FlightT (r = 0.25). The combined effects of the spring constants, number of springs, bed diameters and masses dropped were described in predictive multivariate equations for Accmax (explained variance, R2 = 95%) and maximum vertical bed deformation (R2 = 85%). These findings from dynamic testing may assist manufacturers in designing trampolines that meet safety standards while maximising user performance and reducing injury risk.

Nowadays, with the rapid development of technology, the importance of deformation measurement is increasing. Measuring the shape and position changes of natural or artificial structures as a result of external factors are called deformation measurements. In order to determine deformations, geodetic control networks are generally established and measurements are made at various periods in these networks. Deformation analysis is performed using the point coordinates obtained by evaluating the measurements made. GPS is generally used for horizontal and vertical directions and precision levelling method is generally used for vertical direction only in determining deformation in geodetic control networks. Measurements made in different periods are tested with deformation models and it is investigated whether there is deformation in the passing time. In this study, we aimed to examine the vertical crust movements in and around the tide gauge station in Trabzon harbour area. For this purpose, in a leveling network established in the study area, precision levelling measurements were made in two periods, June 2020 (1st period) and October 2020 (2nd period). The measured height differences were adjusted according to the free network method. In both periods, the t-distributed inconsistent test was applied and an inconsistent measure was found for a single route. Adjustment was made by removing the inconsistent measurements found. We investigated whether there has been any movement in the network between two periods by using the θ2-criterion method, one of the static deformation model methods. The vertical movements that may occur between different periods have been determined and we investigated whether there is a vertical deformation around the tide gauge station. The calculations regarding the methods applied within the scope of the study were made using MATLAB program codes written by us.

The design for manufacturability and the design for reliability of System-in-Package (SiP) are of great importance for packaging technology. The interfacial delamination is the most critical failure mode during solder reflow process and reliability test. The delamination is driven by the mismatch between material properties of packaging materials, for instance, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and Young’s modulus. In this paper, an analytical model based on interface fracture mechanics is systematically established to promptly evaluate the reliability of the laminated-based SIP modules. The governing equation of SIP interface system is derived, and the continuity condition of longitudinal and vertical deformation for crack-tip element is described by interface compliances. The normal and shear stress distribution between heterogeneous interfaces (e.g., the epoxy molding compound (EMC) and solder mask, EMC and substrate, etc.) subjected to temperature change are calculated. The strain energy release rate (SERR) for the interface facture toughness is also considered in present analytical model. The capability and accuracy of the proposed method are verified against solutions from finite element software ABAQUS, showing remarkable agreements. The mixed mode ratio is also evaluated for SiP structures with thermal stress. The influence of temperature changes on the interfacial fracture toughness is investigated to shed light on the interface reliability of package. The accuracy and computational efficiency of proposed analytical solution are discussed in the estimation of the interfacial delamination risk for SIP module design.

The results of finite-element modeling of the mechanics of contact interaction of small-sized support elements (feet) of walking machines with weakly bearing soils are discussed. A flat contact task is formulated for rigid feet of a rectangular shape interacting with an elastoplastic supporting surface. Nonlinear models of soil behavior under loading were used. A two-stage iterative algorithm for solving the non-linear problem in the computer system of finite element analysis ANSYS is implemented. The task was solved under conditions of large deformations of the supporting surface. The simulation results showed that a sufficiently large amount of soil is loaded during the interaction of a small foot with a supporting surface. Under normal loading, the greatest stresses and strains occur directly under the foot. Here may be the destruction of the soil. At a standardized depth of 0,5 m, the stress decreases. The top layer of soil remains lightly loaded. In addition to vertical deformations, there is a «squeezing» of soil to the right and left from under the foot. With a tangential load, the stress and strain fields lose their symmetrical nature. The zones of greatest equivalent stresses and strains are shifted towards the action of the tangential load. The greatest ground stresses occur under the foot and on the lateral surface of the foot. In the direction of the tangential load, the entire mass of the soil, including its upper layers, is substantially loaded. Near the foot, in the zone of greatest stresses, a characteristic area appears, where the soil is squeezed up. Here the reverse process of compaction of the soil takes place. It is shown that the use of feet with a small supporting surface leads to an undesirable increase in soil stresses in the contact zone. On the other hand, in small feet, there is a decrease in the soil compaction zone and its upper layer is less loaded. Also, for small feet, the supporting surface is used more efficiently - the stresses along its length are distributed more evenly, and the side surface acts as a grouser.