Competition for15N-labeled fertilizer in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in the southern United States

Abstract

The degree of tree-crop competition for nitrogen (N) and its effect on fertilizer-use efficiency and N movement were examined in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system. Assessment of competition was accomplished via the installation of a belowground polyethylene root barrier in half the number of plots in order to provide two treatments–barrier and non-barrier. The percentage of N derived from fertilizer (NDF) and fertilizer-use efficiency (UFN) were determined using 15N-enriched ammonium sulfate (5% atom enrichment) applied at 89.6 kg N ha−1. In cotton, the barrier treatment resulted in higher leaf (38%), stem (66%), seed cotton (55%) and total (58%) biomass compared to the non-barrier treatment. Total N content in leaf, stem and seed cotton was 67% higher in barrier compared to non-barrier treatment. Percentage of NDF in cotton leaf and stem was significantly lower in barrier (15.8% and 17.3%, respectively) compared to non-barrier treatment (20.4% and 21.2%, respectively). For UFN, this trend was reversed, with plants in barrier treatment having a higher percentage of UFN. Root trenching did not affect pecan foliar N concentration, canopy N content, NDF or UFN. In soil, N recovery at 90–120 cm depth was lower in non-barrier treatment, indicating tree root uptake of fertilizer N. Although tree roots in non-barrier treatment had access to fertilizer N, competition was mainly for N already in the soil, since fertilizer was applied after major seasonal nutrient demands of the trees had been met. Overall, the alley cropping system in this study exhibits potential for efficient N cycling, given the apparent ability of pecan trees to intercept and uptake N fertilizer from deeper soil layers and return to surface soil via litterfall.