Competition between reflexive and non-reflexive pronouns coreferential with the subject related to the first and second persons in the Unity of the Brethren’s New Testament versions of 1564-1613

The research objective was to find out how personal pronouns used by the students in writing narrative text at SMAN 2 Koto Baru, Dharmasraya. The research method was descriptive qualitative method. The data source was documents. There were 38 sheets of student writing about narrative text. The research finding was the students still made mistakes in using personal pronouns such as subject pronoun (correct 61.1%), object pronoun (correct 32.2%), possessive adjective pronoun (correct 49.7%), possessive pronoun (correct 0%) and reflexive pronoun (correct 0%). It can be concluded the ability of the students in using personal pronouns still less.

This is a study of the use of generic pronouns in Swedish as a second language (L2) by L1 Finnish immersion students. We compare two groups, 12-year-olds, and 15-year-olds, to see if there is a difference and to identify which the most challenging cases are in both groups. Norm deviations are compared to see if they mainly consist of overuse of generic pronouns or more formal aspects, such as the pronoun which is chosen, and the understanding of the relation between the generic subject, object, possessive and reflexive pronouns. Both groups use generic pronouns in the subject position in a manner which mostly follows the standard, and mainly have problems with possessive pronouns in connection to generic pronouns. It is possible that object generic pronouns would also be problematic, but there are none in our data. Generic pronouns are sometimes left out as subjects, which is ungrammatical in Swedish. There is also occasional overuse of man where it is not idiomatic, and some mixed forms with man and s-passive. Results show possible transfer from the first language (L1) of the learners, but less in the older group. Furthermore, there also appears to be transfer from L3 English, which our informants are learning at school. This seems more present in the older group.

The study's objectives are to know what kinds of personal pronoun used in the novel and know which personal pronoun has the highest distribution. This article focuses on the personal pronoun. Frank (1972: 19) states that personal pronouns are divided into five, namely subjective pronouns, objective pronouns, possessive pronouns, possessive adjective pronouns, and reflexive pronouns. The function of a personal pronoun is to identify or refer to someone or the gender of that person. In writing, this can help readers understand the storyline more easily, to whom it is pointing, and the gender of the person without needing to tell him. This research is qualitative research designed in a descriptive study. The source of data is from the novel by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, "Sherlock Holmes: The Sign of Four." The writer will analyze the use of the personal pronoun in the novel. It is found that the use of the personal pronoun in a novel is varies depending on the function.

The aim of this study is to analyze personal pronouns in The Sea Beast movie and its application in teaching grammar. Personal pronouns, which play a crucial role in sentence construction and clarity, are often misunderstood by students. Using Frank’s (1972) theory, the research categorized personal pronouns into five types: subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns, and reflexive pronouns. Data were collected from the dialogues in The Sea Beast, and a descriptive qualitative method was employed to analyze and categorize the types of personal pronouns. The results show that subject pronouns were the most frequently used, appeared 378 times, followed by object pronouns 135 times, possessive adjectives 66 times, possessive pronouns 1 time, and reflexive pronouns 2 times. Additionally, the study highlights how these findings can be applied in teaching grammar, particularly in helping students understand the practical use of personal pronouns in context. The movie’s dialogues serve as a rich resource for teaching grammar by providing real-life examples of how pronouns function in conversation. This study demonstrates the value of using movie dialogues in the classroom to enhance students’ understanding of pronouns in grammar context.

This paper investigates the distribution of reflexive and nonreflexive pronouns in the prepositional phrase, concluding that multiple semantic factors play a role in the appearance of one pronoun over the other. The distributional trends in English are explained by referencing the crucial role space plays in grammar, and the resulting implications for Binding Theory (Chomsky 1995) are discussed. The motivating forces for the corpus distribution are based on perceived directionality and location of the denoted event with respect to the body of the event's protagonist. The patterns found in the corpus data are attributed to a range of factors that play a role in the semantic specifications and associations of the pronouns themselves. First, it is argued that the high rate of reflexive pronouns in events that are metaphorically located in the body is due to the reflexive pronoun's close semantic association with the concept of self, a metaphorical body-internal entity. Second, it is argued that the reflexive pronoun is used to signal either an event which is performed on the body (in the referent's peri-personal space) or directed toward the body. Cases of these types are explained by a schematic, semantic parallelism between syntactically complex reflexive events and syntactically simple reflexive events. In both cases, the reflexive pronoun signals a contrastive element. In syntactically complex cases, the PP examples (e.g. John pushed the box toward himself), and syntactically simple cases, those with basic clause structure (e.g. John kicked himself), the reflexive is used to signal that the direction of the event is counter to the direction of expectation, thus explaining why certain reflexive events (e.g. bathe, or pull something toward you) do not have to, and most often, do not occur with the reflexive pronoun.

This paper describes χɯ, the Sarikoli reflexive personal and possessive pronoun, in terms of its agreement, relative prominence, and domain. The reflexive χɯ does not overtly agree with its antecedent, always maintaining the same form. It is subject-oriented and is complementarily distributed with nonreflexive pronouns. In both finite and non-finite subordinate clauses, χɯ is usually used as a local reflexive, with long-distance potential in one variety—the reason adverbial clause. Sarikoli provides confirmatory evidence for the correlation between long-distance reflexives and subject orientation (Pica 1987, 1991; Cole & Sung 1994), since χɯ is subject-oriented whether it refers to an antecedent within the same clause or across a clause boundary.

Dzə [jen] is an Adamawa language spoken in some parts of Taraba, Adamawa and Gombe states in Northeastern Nigeria. The study presented in the article syntactically describes nouns and noun phrases in Dzə. In an attempt to document Dzə and taking into consideration that Dzə is an under-investigated and under-documented language, the result will provide important data to typological research and to linguists working on Adamawa languages. The study adopts a descriptive research design in collecting, describing and analyzing the data. The data was obtained from fieldwork in December 2014, personal observations of daily conversations, introspection and the Dzə Bible. In the article, a brief overview of the phonology and tone of Dzə is provided. It also shows the different kinds of nouns, pronouns and noun phrases in Dzə; simple and complex noun phrases. The language is rich in pronouns, consisting of subject pronouns, object pronouns, reflexive pronouns, interrogative pronouns and possessive pronouns. As it is with most African languages, the elements that constitute a noun phrase occur after the head noun. These elements are articles, demonstratives, possessives, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers, genitive constructions (inalienable and alienable possessives) and relative clauses. This is a preliminary study of Dzə and it is open for further research and contributions.

English personal pronouns was still problem for students; especially students of Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Surya Kasih. Therefore; it was important to conduct a research on students’ ability in using personal pronouns. The purpose of this study was to describe the students’ ability in using subject, object, possessive and reflexive. The participants of the research were 10 students the second semester students who programmed English subject. There were 30 item tests of personal pronouns. The results of the research showed that the students’ average score was 68 and the students’ level of ability on personal pronouns was enough. Based on the kinds of personal pronouns showed the highest score was 72,10 which is on subject pronoun then followed by object pronoun with the score 70,20 then followed by possessive pronoun with the score 67,80 and the lowest score was 64,70 which is on reflexive pronoun. This research claimed that the students found difficulties in using personal pronoun in English due to interference of Indonesian language as their first language.

This study explores the application of deixis in Mitch Albom's novel The Five People You Meet in Heaven. Deixis is a part of pragmatics that discusses the context in an utterance. The purpose of this study is to find out the types of deixis used in the novel and to analyze the function of the deixis found in the novel The Five People You Meet in Heaven. In analyzing deixis, this study uses Yule's theory (1996) which divides deixis into three categories: person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis. Person deixis is used to show people, spatial deixis is used to show location, and temporal deixis is used to show time. This study belongs to a qualitative research with descriptive qualitative because the data is obtained in the form of words or utterances. In collecting the data, this study uses the documentation method which is carried out through note-taking and reading strategies. The results showed that there are three types of deixis found in the novel The Five People You Meet in Heaven. They are person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis. There were a total of 888 deixis data found. Among them are 800 person deixis, including 368 first person deixis, 305 second person deixis, and 127 third person deixis. Meanwhile, there are 59 spatial deixis data and 29 temporal deixis data. Each deixis has a different function depending on the context of the utterance. The person deixis found among others functions as subject, object, possessive adjective, possessive pronoun, and reflexive pronoun. Meanwhile, the spatial deixis found functions as an adverb of place because it indicates a certain location based on the context of the utterance. In addition, the temporal deixis found functions as an adverb of time indicating past, present, and future time.

The paper focuses on a strange variant of the se vivo expression which can be found mostly in Moesia Inferior: the vivo suo fecit formula. It appears only in twelve inscriptions, but that makes up one third of all the occurrences of the se vivo fecit expression in this region. How can we account for this formula, which cannot be explained by the classical Latin grammar? This intriguing form has attracted the attention of Giovanbattista Galdi, who in 2002 dedicated a paper to the possible origin of the formula. In this paper, he claims that the vivo suo form is the result of the interconnection of the Latin and Greek languages in Moesia Inferior, since the expression usually occurs in areas populated by Greeks. Galdi attributes the emergence of the formula to the fact that the Greek language does not have a possessive pronoun (like the Latin suus), but uses the genitive case of the reflexive pronoun (ἑαυτοῦ) to express the possessive relation. According to this theory the bilingual environment in Moesia Inferior, and more specifically the aforementioned Greek structure caused a confusion in Latin in the use of the possessive pronoun (suus) and the reflexive pronoun (se). The aim of my paper is to examine Galdi’s argument and to point out the problematic elements of this theory.

This article provides a non-formalistic description of the various reflexive pronouns in Afrikaans. In addition to the traditional class of reflexive pronouns, it is shown that possessive pronouns can also be used reflexively. The facts about (obligatory) reflexivity involving these two types of pronoun are illustrated with reference to several types of construction in which they can occur. It is moreover shown that, besides the subject, the reflexive can take as its antecedent an expression functioning as the direct object, indirect object or as a prepositional object. Attention is also given to a number of non-reflexive constructions, that is, constructions containing inherently non-reflexive verbs and prepositions which disallow a coreferential relationship between the pronoun and some other expression in the sentence.

Reflexive and possessive pronouns in Greek and Latin inscriptions of the Empire (Moesia Inferior)

Through using specific linguistic means when expressing someone else´s statements as indirect speech, speakers and writers indicate that they are not presenting their ideas. In German language teaching, little attention is paid to this issue, despite its importance in professional and academic discourse. Speakers and writers need to know how to present someone else's thoughts and how to dissociate themselves from the contents of the presented messages. Using comparative analysis, an analysis of errors made by 16 first-year students of German language and literature in their test in German morphology was conducted to determine the types and frequency of errors made. The findings revealed that the majority of errors involved inaccuracies in transforming of personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns, followed by the incorrect usage of the German subjunctives (“Konjunktiv”). More attention should be paid to addressing this issue in school and university language courses in order to equip the students with adequate linguistic competencies to speak and write accurately.

The article describes the verbal word category of person, which denotes the relation of action or state from the speaker’s point of view. The authors deny the traditional view in linguistics that hybrid verb forms do not express the category of person. The hybrid forms of the verb include verbal nouns, adjectives, adverbs, infinitives and forms with -no, -to. Hybrid verb forms express the syntactic category of person, which, based on the morphological category, is expressed with the help of various syntactic and intonational means, and where the semantic subject can be present in their own semantic structure, the so-called implicit subject. Verbal nouns are characterised by the syntactic category of person, which is expressed by means of possessive and reflexive pronouns indicating the performer of an action. In Polish, verbal nouns retain the reflexive formant when referring to a reciprocal or mutual action, while in Ukrainian this tendency is lost. In Polish, constructions with the forms -no, -to are semantically personal, as the performer of an action can only be a person or a group of people, unlike in Ukrainian, where the performer of an action can be natural or natural phenomena, living creatures, artefacts or other non-persons. In Czech and Russian, the -no, -to forms are part of the participial paradigm and can be used to refer to natural physical phenomena that do not depend on human will. In participles, the analytical syntactic morpheme-binding, provided that the participle is in the verbal position, is an expression of the person category, which is levelled in the predicate position. In constructions with transgressive, which are called równoważnikami zdań in Polish linguistics, there are strict rules regarding the identity of the performers of an action that expresses an action described by both a personal verb and a participle, in particular: the subject in the main clause and the subordinate clause expressed by the participle must be the same. Infinitive clauses are two-component, not agentless, because in them the performer of the action, the active agent, is always implied and is specific in clauses with a dative agentive subject, the so-called logical subject. The implicitness of the potential subject does not indicate its absence: the agent is either restored from the context, i.e., it is somehow indicated, or it is thought of as generalised if there are no morphological indications of it.

This paper studies personal pronouns and their derived forms as ideological discourse features. The aim is to identify, compare and contrast these pronominal forms within speech acts used in the speeches delivered by two presidential candidates of two ideologically opposed political parties (Speech 1 and Speech 2) to establish whether their syntactic style reflects their ideologi­cal world view, divides or unites the electorate around a com­mon goal as well as whether the speeches fit in the “ideological square” (van Dijk 1998, 2008). The methodology draws on criti­cal discourse analysis and the speech act theory. This analysis first shows the occurrence of personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns and adjectives and changes in their referents within speech acts and verbs and verbal tenses. We concluded that the speeches did not follow the principle of van Dijk’s “ideologi­cal square”, since we did not find the opposition of the collec­tive “us” and “them”. However, the ideological difference was observed in the speakers’ choice of the pronoun “you”, in the division of the electorate and in the number of directives ad­dressed to the audience – a higher number in S1, and, on the other hand, indirect directives and call for cooperation and uni­ty of the whole nation in S2. The ideological opposition was also detectable in their choice of speech acts and verbal forms, i. e. whether the speaker was more prone to promising, both in singular and plural form in S1, which could be interpreted as a populist move, or to stating some wishes in the singular form, suggesting a more cautious approach, as in S2.