Comparison of Transtracheal Dexmedetomidine with Transtracheal Lidocaine in Patients Undergoing Bronchoalveolar Lavage

We tested dexmedetomidine, an alpha(2) agonist that decreases heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma norepinephrine concentration, for its ability to attenuate stress responses during emergence from anesthesia after major vascular operations. Patients scheduled for vascular surgery received either dexmedetomidine (n = 22) or placebo (n = 19) IV beginning 20 min before the induction of anesthesia and continuing until 48 h after the end of surgery. All patients received standardized anesthesia. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were kept within predetermined limits by varying anesthetic level and using vasoactive medications. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and inhaled anesthetic concentration were monitored continuously; additional measurements included plasma and urine catecholamines. During emergence from anesthesia, heart rate was slower with dexmedetomidine (73 +/- 11 bpm) than placebo (83 +/- 20 bpm) (P = 0.006), and the percentage of time the heart rate was within the predetermined hemodynamic limits was more frequent with dexmedetomidine (P < 0.05). Plasma norepinephrine levels increased only in the placebo group and were significantly lower for the dexmedetomidine group during the immediate postoperative period (P = 0.0002). We conclude that dexmedetomidine attenuates increases in heart rate and plasma norepinephrine concentrations during emergence from anesthesia. The alpha(2) agonist, dexmedetomidine, attenuates increases in heart rate and plasma norepinephrine concentrations during emergence from anesthesia in vascular surgery patients.

BackgroudAlthough propofol and dexmedetomidine have been widely used for monitored anesthesia care, their adverse effects necessitate the search for better methods. Therefore, we performed this randomized controlled trial to evaluate the combined use of propofol and dexmedetomidine.MethodsEighty-seven adult patients undergoing hand surgery under brachial plexus block were randomly allocated to receive 1.6 μg/ml of the target effect site concentration of propofol (P group) and infusion of 0.4 μg/kg/h dexmedetomidine following a loading dose of 1.0 μg/kg for 10 min (D group). The M group received a half-dose of both drugs simultaneously. The maintenance dose was adjusted to maintain an Observer Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score of 3. Cardiorespiratory variables, adverse effects, and drug efficacy were observed.ResultsThe significantly higher mean arterial pressure (mmHg) in the D group [P group 86.9 (12.6), D group 96.0 (12.2), M group 85.6 (10.6), p = 0.004)] and a significantly higher heart rate (beat/min) in the P group were observed [P group 67.3 (9.0), D group 57.8 (6.9), M group 59.2 (7.4), p < 0.001)]. The M group had a significant lower incidence of airway obstruction (p < 0.001) and the D group had a higher incidence of bradycardia requiring atropine (p = 0.001). The P group had higher incidences of hypoxia (p = 0.001), spontaneous movement (p < 0.001) and agitation (p = 0.001). The satisfaction scores of the patients (p = 0.007) and surgeon (p < 0.001) were higher in the M group. Onset time was significantly longer in the D group (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe combined use of propofol and dexmedetomidine provided cardiovascular stability with decreased adverse effects. Additionally, it led to a similar onset time of propofol and achieved higher satisfaction scores.Trial registrationKCT0001284. Retrospectively registered 25 November 2014.

Background Craniocerebral interventional surgery is a common and essential treatment for cerebrovascular diseases. Despite continuous progress in interventional diagnosis and treatment technology, there is no effective method to alleviate contrast-induced kidney injuries. In this retrospective cohort study, we investigated the effect of the concurrent use of Dexmedetomidine (DEX) during the perioperative period on the renal function of patients following craniocerebral interventional surgery. Methods We identified 228 cases of patients underwent craniocerebral interventional surgery from January 2018 to March 2022. Patients who used DEX during general anesthesia were in the DEX group (DEX group) or that did not use dexmedetomidine as the control group (CON group). The markers of kidney injury were recorded before and within 48 h after surgery. Results Compared with CON group, the urea nitrogen (BUN) of the DEX group decreased significantly on the first day and the second day after surgery (p < 0.05). The serum cystatin-C and the blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio (BUN/Cr) was significantly lower than that in CON group on the second day (p < 0.05). The urine output in the DEX group increased significantly, and the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was higher than the CON group (p < 0.01). There was no difference in postoperative complications, ICU stay time and hospitalization time between the two groups. Conclusion The combined use of dexmedetomidine in general anesthesia for craniocerebral interventional surgery can reduce BUN levels within 48 h after surgery, significantly increase intraoperative urine volume, maintain intraoperative circulation stability.

The aim of this study was to investigate how the combined use of dexmedetomidine with intravenous anesthetics influences seizure duration and circulatory dynamics in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). A literature search was performed to identify studies that evaluated the effect of dexmedetomidine on motor- or electroencephalogram (EEG)-based seizure durations and maximum mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) after ECT. Moreover, recovery time and post-ECT agitation were evaluated. Six studies enrolling 166 patients in 706 ECT sessions were included. There was no significant difference in motor or EEG seizure duration between dexmedetomidine and nondexmedetomidine groups [motor: 6 studies; mean difference (MD), 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI), -2.24 to 5.49; P = 0.41; EEG: 3 studies; MD, 2.34; 95% CI, -6.03 to 10.71; P = 0.58]. Both maximum MAP and HR after ECT were significantly reduced in the dexmedetomidine group (MAP: 6 studies; MD, -4.83; 95% CI, -8.43 to -1.22; P = 0.009; HR: 6 studies; MD, -6.68; 95% CI, -10.74 to -2.62; P = 0.001). Moreover, the addition of dexmedetomidine did not significantly prolong recovery time when the reduced-dose propofol was used (4 studies; MD, 63.27; 95% CI, -15.41 to 141.96; P = 0.12). The use of dexmedetomidine in ECT did not interfere with motor and EEG seizure durations but could reduce maximum MAP and HR after ECT. Besides, the addition of dexmedetomidine in ECT did not prolong recovery time when reduced-dose propofol was used. It might be worthwhile for patients to receive dexmedetomidine before the induction of anesthesia in ECT.

Метою роботи було вивчення ANI-моніторингу для оцінки періопераційної аналгезії і контролю балансу ноцицепції/антиноцицепції при різних варіантах анестезіологічного забезпечення пластичної хірургії носа. Матеріали та методи. Було обстежено 116 пацієнтів віком від 18 до 60 років з викривленням перегородки носа, яким проводилася септопластика в умовах комбінованої анестезії, що включала тотальну внутрішньовенну анестезію зі штучною вентиляцією легенів і місцевою анестезією лідокаїном. Усі пацієнти були розподілені на 4 групи: 1-ша група (n = 28) (контрольна) — зі стандартним комбінованим анестезіологічним забезпеченням; 2-га група (n = 31) — стандартне анестезіологічне забезпечення доповнювалося внутрішньовенною інфузією парацетамолу за 30 хвилин до початку операції в дозі 15 мг/кг (але не більше 1000 мг) одноразово; 3-тя група (n = 30) — проводилася інфузія дексмедетомідину, що починалася за 10 хвилин до індукції анестезії в дозі 0,7 мкг/кг/год і закінчувалася за 10 хвилин до завершення операції; 4-та група (n = 27) — проводилася інфузія дексмедетомідину, що починалася за 10 хвилин до індукції анестезії в дозі 0,7 мкг/кг/год і закінчувалася за 10 хвилин до завершення операції, в комбінації з внутрішньовенною інфузією парацетамолу за 30 хвилин до початку операції в дозі 15 мг/кг (але не більше 1000 мг) одноразово. Проводилася реєстрація АNI-індексу. Після операції реєструвалися рівень болю за візуально-аналоговою шкалою (ВАШ) і частота розвитку післяопераційної нудоти і блювання. Реєструвалася оцінка пацієнтами якості анестезії за допомогою шкали Iowa Satisfaction with Anesthesia Scale. Результати. У контрольній групі ANI-індекс на етапі інтубації, початку операції, на етапі найбільш травматичного моменту операції був нижче 50 одиниць, що, можливо, пов’язано з недостатнім рівнем аналгезії. У 2-й групі з використанням парацетамолу ANI-індекс в момент інтубації знижувався до 50 одиниць, але потім перебував у межах 50–70 одиниць. У 3-й групі з застосуванням дексмедетомідину ANI-індекс на етапі індукції анестезії та в момент пробудження пацієнта був вище 70 одиниць. У 4-й групі з комбінованим використанням дексмедетомідину і парацетамолу ANI-індекс на всіх етапах, крім початку операції, був вище 70 одиниць. При аналізі рівня післяопераційної аналгезії за ВАШ найбільш оптимальний рівень спостерігався у 2-й і 4-й групах пацієнтів. Частота розвитку післяопераційної нудоти і блювання була нижче в основних групах дослідження: 2-га група — 17 %, 3-тя група — 12 %, 4-та група — 14 % порівняно з пацієнтами контрольної групи — 20 %. При оцінці пацієнтами якості проведеної анестезії за Iowa Satisfaction with Anesthesia Scale кращі результати були отримані в 4-й групі пацієнтів, у якій 25 % оцінили якість анестезії як добру, а 75 % — як відмінну. Найгірші результати були отримані в 1-й групі пацієнтів, 30 % з яких оцінили якість анестезії як задовільну. Висновки. Використання АNI-індексу в анестезіологічній практиці дозволяє з високим ступенем специфічності в режимі онлайн мониторувати рівень сприйняття болю в інтра- і післяопераційному періоді і забезпечити поліпшення періопераційної аналгезії. Застосування парацетамолу і дексмедетомідину забезпечує більш надійну і повноцінну періопераційну аналгезію.

Objective: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) occurs in 20%-40% of patients following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), contributing to significant morbidity. POAF is linked to elevated catecholamines, oxidative stress, and inflammatory mediators. Dexmedetomidine, a centrally acting alpha-2 agonist with sympatholytic and anti-inflammatory effects, and hydrocortisone, which suppresses inflammatory mediators, may reduce the incidence of POAF. Methods: A prospective, double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 248 patients undergoing elective on-pump CABG at Ain Shams University Hospital. Patients were randomized into 2 groups: the Treatment Group received dexmedetomidine and hydrocortisone, and the Placebo Group received standard care. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of POAF within 7days postoperatively. Results: All 248 patients (124 per group) completed the study. The combined use of dexmedetomidine and hydrocortisone reduced POAF incidence (4.8% vs 12.9%). ICU and hospital length of stay were also shorter in the Treatment Group (2.77 ± 1.12 vs 3.16 ± 1.34days, P = .012, and 6.63 ± 1.56 vs 7.11 ± 2days, P = .035, respectively). No differences in hypotension, bradycardia, or wound infections were observed. Hyperglycemia, defined as blood glucose >180mg/dl, occurred in 8.1% of the Treatment Group and 6.5% of the Placebo Group. Conclusion: Combining dexmedetomidine and hydrocortisone effectively reduces POAF incidence after CABG, with manageable side effects. Multicenter trials are warranted to confirm these findings. Date and Number of IRB Approval and Clinical Trial Registry Number. Ain Shams University Protocol Record (FMASU R 261/2022), ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05674253.

Background and objectivesThe efficacy of dexmedetomidine for radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been well established. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of sedation using dexmedetomidine with remifentanil compared to conventional sedative agents during RFCA for AF.Subjects and methodsA total of 240 patients undergoing RFCA for AF were randomized to either the dexmedetomidine (DEX) group (continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil) or the midazolam (MID) group (intermittent injections of midazolam and fentanyl) according to sedative agents. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation was applied to all patients during the procedure. The primary outcome was patient movement during the procedure resulting in a 3D mapping system discordance, and the secondary outcome was adverse events including respiratory or hemodynamic compromise.ResultsDuring AF ablation, the incidence of the primary outcome was significantly reduced for the DEX group (18.2% vs. 39.5% in the DEX and the MID groups, respectively, p < 0.001). The frequency of a desaturation event (oxygen saturation < 90%) did not significantly differ between the two groups (6.6% vs. 1.7%, p = 0.056). However, the incidences of hypotension not owing to cardiac tamponade (systolic blood pressure < 80 mmHg, 19.8% vs. 8.4%, p = 0.011) and bradycardia (HR < 50 beats/min: 39.7% vs. 21.8%, p = 0.003) were higher in the DEX group. All efficacy and safety results were consistent within the predefined subgroups.ConclusionThe combined use of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil provides higher stability sedation during AF ablation, but can lead to more frequent hemodynamic compromise compared to midazolam and fentanyl.

Fentanyl-induced cough (FIC) refers to a cough that can occur as a side effect of fentanyl, an opioid analgesic primarily used for pain management. Both lidocaine (LIDO) and dexmedetomidine (DEX) are effective in preventing FIC, but the comparative efficacy of each has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we aimed to compare the effect of LIDO versus DEX in preventing FIC in adult patients undergoing elective surgery. A total of 171 adult patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I or II undergoing elective surgery were enrolled in this blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Patients received either 0.5 μg × kg-1 of DEX in 10 mL of isotonic saline, 1.5 mg × kg-1 LIDO, or a matching placebo (equal volume of 0.9% saline) prior to fentanyl injection. The incidence and severity of cough were recorded within the two minutes following fentanyl administration. Hemodynamic parameters were measured at different time intervals. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 18. The incidence of cough among groups was compared using the Pearson chi-square test, while continuous hemodynamic variables were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. A two-tailed P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20211023052848N1). The incidence of cough was 7.0%, 10.5%, and 33.3% in the DEX, LIDO, and saline groups, respectively (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the DEX and LIDO groups (P = 0.453), but both were significantly more effective than the control group (P < 0.001 for DEX vs. saline; P = 0.002 for LIDO vs. saline; P < 0.001 for DEX reduced heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure). The results of this study demonstrated that 0.5 μg × kg-1 of DEX and 1.5 mg × kg-1 of LIDO are equally effective in preventing FIC. However, hemodynamic parameters are more markedly suppressed in the DEX group compared to the lidocaine group.

Dexmedetomidine use and mortality in mechanically ventilated patients with severe burns: A cohort study using a national inpatient database in Japan

Adult meta-analysis has identified dexmedetomidine as a potentially useful adjunct to prolong the duration of peripheral nerve blocks. However, no data exist regarding the adjuvant use of dexmedetomidine in the setting of pediatric peripheral nerve blocks. Using a prospective, randomized, double-blind design, children (1½-8 years, ASA 1-2) scheduled for outpatient inguinal hernia repair were randomized to receive either an ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block (IINB) with plain ropivacaine 0.197% (Group LA; n = 21) or ropivacaine 0.197% with adjunct dexmedetomidine 0.3 μg·kg(-1) (Group LAD; n = 22). The primary endpoint of the study was time to first postoperative administration of supplemental analgesia (FPASA) triggered by a pain score ≥4 (CHIPPS or NRS scale). Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was decided as the primary statistical analysis of the data. The median time to FPASA was prolonged by 88% following the use of adjunct dexmedetomidine (4.0 and 7.6 h in group LA and LAD, respectively) (P = 0.0717). Patients in Group LA displayed a significantly higher number of patients with a CHIPPS score ≥4 in the PACU (7 vs 0; P = 0.0029) as well as a higher incidence of PAED (4 vs 0; P = 0.0485) when compared to patients in Group LAD. No adverse events were recorded in any of the study groups. The use of dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to an IINB resulted in reduced incidences of CHIPPS pain scores ≥4 and PAED scores of ≥11 during early recovery following pediatric inguinal hernia repair. In addition, the use of adjunct dexmedetomidine was associated with a prolongation of the period to first supplemental analgesia demand. The results of the present exploratory study must be viewed as preliminary and need further validation by future larger sized studies and/or meta-analysis.

Introduction: The combination of dexmedetomidine and ketamine, known as “ketodex,” has emerged as a promising alternative for general anesthesia and sedation. This approach enhances the analgesic and anesthetic effects of both drugs, reducing their individual adverse effects. Methodology: This was a systematic review of studies on the use of ketodex in general anesthesia. Results: Seventeen relevant studies were identified, which included a variety of surgeries. These studies compared traditional anesthesia versus opioid-free anesthesia, highlighting variability in dosage and administration techniques. The combined use of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in general anesthesia is associated with reduced pain, reduced need for opioids, and decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting. The limited evidence and variability highlight the need for further research about the benefits and risks of ketodex in adults. Conclusion: The combined use of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in general anesthesia is associated with reduced pain, reduced need for opioids, and decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting. However, further studies are required to firmly support its use.

Bibliography of the current world literature

The incidence and clinical predictors of ACE-inhibitor induced dry cough by perindopril in 27,492 patients with vascular disease

The Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Pain-Related Outcomes in Craniotomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Analyze clinical use of dexmedetomidine to relieve prognosis of remifentanil anesthesia recovery and analyze intervention effect. Choose 3600 cases of cerebral functional area operation patients treated in different hospitals during June 2011 and December 2015 for general analysis, group the patients by considering relevant parting of anesthesia recovery by American Society of Anesthesiologists, and divide the patients into dexmedetomidine group and control group according to different use of drugs. The two groups of patients are anesthetized, patients' anesthesia wake-up time and wake-up success rate are recorded, and effect of two types of anesthesia wake-up way are compared. There exists no significant statistical difference in wake-up success rate of the two groups of patients, wake-up time has small difference, but anesthesia recovery quality of dexmedetomidine group is higher, which is conducive to physical rehabilitation of patients and minimize the effects of anesthetics on patients. In clinical surgery, after use of remifentanil anesthesia on patients, use of dexmedetomidine for anesthesia recovery can minimize adverse effects of drugs on patients and thus is worthy to be effectively promoted in clinics.