Comparison of the methylene blue dye removal ability of magnetic materials synthesized from various types of fruit peels

Bioethanol is ethanol produced by digesting sugar from carbohydrate sources with the assistance of microorganisms. This study was divided into four stages: durian and banana peel pre-treatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. Banana and durian peels were mixed with a blender to make flour, then dignified with 1% NaOH and heated in an autoclave for 30 minutes at 120 o C before being cooled and stored. The pre-treatment results were mixed in an Erlenmeyer, then 1% H 2 SO 4 sulfuric acid was added and heated in an autoclave for 45 minutes at 120 o C for the hydrolysis stage. At the fermentation stage, 30 g of cultured yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and nutrients were added to a hydrolyzed mixture of banana skin pulp and durian peel, which was then fermented for 6 days. The fermented solution is placed in the distillation flask during the distillation stage. The temperature is kept between 70 and 80 degrees Celsius. The distillation process took 1.5-2 hours until the ethanol ceased leaking, after which the distillate findings were measured. The variable ratio of banana peel : durian peel was 100:0 yielding the most significant results in this trial, with an ethanol production of 0.01485%.

In this study, the integration of carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene, and biochar (BC) with zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) was investigated for efficient water pollutant removal. Two types of ZnO NRs/BC hybrids (BC on top and bottom of ZnO NRs) were synthesized and compared to other carbon material-based ZnO NRs combinations. Methylene blue (MB) adsorption efficiency was evaluated for various carbon material-based ZnO NRs composites, revealing good performance in ZnO NRs/BC hybrids, particularly with BC on top. The adsorption efficiency reached an impressive 61.79% for ZnO NRs/BC, surpassing other configurations. MB removal by ZnO NRs/BC fitted well with pseudo-first-order kinetics and the rate constants of MB adsorption is 9.19 × 10-2 1/min (R2 = 0.9237). Surface characterizations revealed a distinctive distribution of BC grains, with denser aggregation observed on top of ZnO NRs. This unique distribution contributed to higher MB adsorption rates, substantiated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis that showcased stronger MB adsorption in ZnO NRs/BC hybrids. Notably, the enhanced MB adsorption rates were attributed to the population of BC grains. This research establishes ZnO NRs/BC composites as promising candidates for effective water pollutant removal. The developed materials can be combined with the existed conventional wastewater treatment systems to further purify the water quality. PRACTITIONER POINTS: ZnO NRs/BC hybrids achieve a remarkable 61.79% efficiency in removing MB pollutants, surpassing other carbon materials. MB removal using BC-based materials follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. BC grains exhibit unique distribution patterns on ZnO NRs, with densely packed grains atop contributing to higher MB removal. FTIR analysis confirms increased MB-related bond vibration, supporting the effectiveness of ZnO NRs/BC hybrids for water pollutant removal.

Organic dyes, present in the aquatic environment, have negative effects on ecosystems. Attempts are being made to remove these dyes by using number of physico-chemical methods. Out of all the methods, adsorption technique is the most economical and efficient technique. However, for this purpose, efficient and cost-effective adsorbents are needed. In this paper processed neem leaf powder (NLP) has been used for methylene blue (MB) dye removal. NLP has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopic, and scanning electron microscopic techniques. Results have shown that NLP has crystalline character with number of functional groups. MB is removed by using NLP under different varying conditions such as NLP doses, varying MB concentration, and different pH. When fixed amount of NLP (0.2 g) is used, removal of MB increases with time and becomes almost constant after 40 min. Maximum MB removal is obtained at pH = 6.0. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic models are discussed and the data fitted well with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetic models. Ab initio calculations have shown that nature of interaction depends on the orientation of groups and both type of adsorption is feasible in the present system. Results show that NLP is an effective adsorbent for removal of MB dye.

Palm Peat (PP), the world’s first rich lignocellulosic medium derived from date palm agricultural residues, has not been previously explored for environmental purification. This study evaluates PP's performance in adsorbing methylene blue (MB) dye. PP is characterized by a spongy, porous structure with a surface area of 16 m2/g. It possesses a significant carbon and oxygen composition and features active surface functional groups. Under conditions of 30 mg/L initial MB concentration, 1 g/L PP dose, T = 30 °C, pH 7, and 900 rpm stirring speed, PP achieved a 68.26% MB removal efficiency within 90 min. Although higher temperatures enhanced MB removal efficiencies, room temperature (30 °C) was chosen for subsequent experiments to assess adsorption performance under ambient conditions and minimize energy consumption. Stirring speeds exceeding 900 rpm reduce MB removal efficiency, likely due to shear forces disrupting the interaction between MB molecules and PP or causing desorption of previously adsorbed dye molecules. Response surface methodology combined with a central composite design was employed to optimize the initial MB concentration, PP dosage, and solution pH. Under the optimum conditions, PP achieved 97.89% MB removal. PP exhibited strong stability over five adsorption cycles. Adsorption occurs via π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interaction with the process being endothermic and following the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption efficiency studies across different water matrices revealed the lowest degradation rate in the drain water matrix. PP achieved 71.5% MB removal and 48.16% TOC removal from real textile wastewater.

Background: Synthetic dye removal from wastewater poses significant environmental challenges. Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs), like ZIF-8, offer potential solutions due to their high adsorption capacities. This study has investigated the efficacy of a novel composite material, α-Al2O3@ZIF-8, for Methylene Blue (MB) removal. Objective: This study aimed to assess the feasibility of α-Al2O3@ZIF-8 for MB removal. The synthesis via microwave-assisted methods, physicochemical characterization, adsorption efficiency evaluation, and isothermal/kinetic modeling, has been conducted. Methods: The α-Al2O3@ZIF-8 composite was synthesized and characterized using SEM, TEM, FTIR, and BET techniques. The adsorption efficiency for MB was tested, and isothermal/kinetic models were applied for mechanistic understanding. Results: The composite exhibited robust crystal connections and uniform distribution, with particle sizes ranging from 0.5 to 0.6 μm. MB adsorption efficiency exceeded 97.8% under optimal conditions. Isothermal and kinetic modeling revealed favorable adsorption behavior, notably with the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models. Conclusion: Microwave-synthesized α-Al2O3@ZIF-8 shows promise for efficient MB removal, with treatment efficiencies surpassing 97%. This underscores the potential of MOFs in wastewater treatment and emphasizes the importance of understanding adsorption mechanisms for optimization.

Batik industrial textile waste water effluent if improperly disposed to the catchment can cause the water pollution that will endanger human health and the environment. The contaminants discharge in the dye processing causes the water pollution. Banana peel is a potential agriculture waste that can be used to reduce the concentration of color from synthetic dye effluents. This study is aim to determine the potential of banana peel as agricultural waste adsorbent for Methylene Blue (MB) removal at different contact time (15minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 150 minutes, and 180 minutes) and different adsorbent dosage (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, and 0.4 gram) and to develop kinetic model for Methylene Blue (MB) removal. The experiments were conducted at room temperature using batch study. As the banana peel dosage is added from 0.05 g to 0.4 g in 100 ml of Methylene Blue solution, the percentage of MB solution removal also increase from 34.69 % to 86.88 %, indeed due to the increase in phenolic compounds adsorption rates. The adsorption process reached the optimum contact time at 150 minutes with MB solution removal of 86.22 %. The kinetic data obtained specified that the data follow closely the pseudo-second-order. It is concluded that banana peel can act effectively as natural adsorbent in treating Methylene Blue (MB) from batik textile wastewater effluents.

Composite banana peel activated carbon-TiO2 is a photocatalyst used to degrade complex compound. In this research, peel of banana was activated using NaOH activator. The aims of this study was to compose biomass wastes (banana peels) with TiO2 catalyst using photocatalytic process to solve Methylene Blue and Methyl Orange dye waste problems. Sample were calcined at 300°C and activator concentration of NaOH varied (1:0; 1:1; 1:2; and 1:3) to obtain optimal results. The quality of activated carbon of banana peel was compared to SNI 06-3730-1995. There parameter measured were moisture content, ash content, adsorption of iodine, adsorption capacity of Methylene Blue and surface area of activated carbon. The results showed that the highest banana peel activated carbon compares to NaOH concentration of 1: 3 were 0.65%; 4.88%; 774.09 mg/g; 24.90 mg/g and 92.43 m2/g, respectively. It indicates that the optimal results are obtained in the preparation of activated carbon with 1:3 of activator composition. This activated carbon banana peel was combined with titanium dioxide P25. The composites were characterized by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). FTIR spectrum showed that the absorption appeared in the region of Ti-O-C at wave number 1009 cm−1 and C=C at wave number 1620 cm−1. SEM showed that TiO2 spread on activated carbon surfaces. Based on analysis of Infrared presents the functional group of Ti-O and C=O of the composite. Morphology of the composite banana peel activated carbon-TiO2 showed that TiO2 spreads on active carbon surfaces. Based on analysis which have done showed that the composite activated carbon of banana peel-TiO2 formed. Optimum Methylene Blue and Methyl Orange degraded were 94.61% and 84.30%, respectively.

Utilization of two agrowastes for adsorption and removal of methylene blue: kinetics and isotherm studies.

In this study, removal of methylene blue (MB) and maxilon blue SL 200% (MB SL) dyes from aqueous solutions by using raw clay (RC) of Nevsehir (Turkey) vicinity and ultrasonic-acid modified clay (MC) was investigated. Adsorption was carried out with 500 mg/L MB and 50 mg/L for MB SL in terms of different adsorbent dosages, contact time, solution pH, temperature and stirring speed. The fitting of adsorption process with respect to Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms was examined. In this study, it was determined that the experimental data for MB dye removal by using RC (R2= 0.9737, Qo=3333 mg/g) and MC (R2=0.9914, Qo=5000 mg/g) were well fitted to Langmuir isotherm model. In addition to this, the experimental data for the removal of MB SL dye by using RC (R2= 0.9104, KF =19.45 mg/g) and MC (R2=0.9933, KF =44.62 mg/g) were well fitted to Freundlich isotherm model. As a result; it was indicated that raw clay can be used for the removal of cationic MB and MB SL dyes and ultrasonic-acid modified clay has high adsorption capacity for both of the dyes. Low-cost clay can be used for the removal of MB and MB SL dyes in preference to other adsorbents. Ultrasonic-acid modification was found as an alternative significant method for adsorbent modification.

Industrial wastewater containing dyes poses a significant environmental threat due to their persistence and potential toxicity. Adsorption using bio-based materials offers a promising and sustainable approach for dye removal. This study investigates the effectiveness of bio-based adsorbents derived from coconut husk, banana peels, and orange peels (pretreated with formaldehyde and sulfuric acid) for methylene blue (MB) removal. The adsorbents were characterized using SEM and FTIR. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the MB removal efficiency under various conditions (pH, dosage, temperature, agitation, and contact time). The results showed that the Freundlich isotherm model best described the equilibrium adsorption data, indicating favorable multilayer adsorption. Kinetic studies revealed a pseudo-first-order reaction with an exceptional removal efficiency of 99.94%. Notably, the R-squared value of 0.99992 signifies an excellent fit of the model to the experimental data. These findings demonstrate the remarkable potential of bio-based materials for MB removal from wastewater. This approach offers an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution for dye remediation in the textile and dyeing industries, contributing to cleaner water resources.

Whilst adsorption process is the preferred method of purifying wastewater due to its benefits, problems with the recovery of spent adsorbents are still prevalent in wastewater treatment technology. The use of magnetized biomass-based adsorbents (biosorbents) to ease the regeneration process would be a novel approach to overcome this obstacle. The magnetization of orange peel adsorbent involves a series of preparation stages. In this context, there are several parameters that may affect the magnetization of orange peel (OP) such as the ratio between FeCl3•6H2O and FeCl2•4H2O, mass of untreated orange peel (UOP), volume of NH3 solution, magnetization temperature and magnetization period. In this study, Fractional Factorial Design (FFD) was adopted to identify the significant parameters affecting two different responses namely the success of magnetization process and methylene blue (MB) dye removal. Based on the ANoVA results, the significant parameters affecting the success of the magnetization process were magnetization temperature, interaction between ratio of FeCl2:FeCl3 and volume of ammonia, and mass of OP with duration of mixing. Whereas the significant parameters affecting the MB dye removal were all five of the individual parameters, along with the interaction of amount of OP with the other four parameters, interaction between volume of ammonia with duration of mixing and with ratio of FeCl2:FeCl3, interaction between duration of mixing with temperature and ratio of FeCl2:FeCl3, and interaction between temperature and ratio of FeCl2:FeCl3. The highest recorded MB removal was 89.18%, while the lowest recorded MB removal was 38.76%. The regeneration study also showed that magnetized orange peel could be regenerated at least six times without having a significant reduction in adsorption capacity. The major functional groups of magnetized orange peel before adsorption, after adsorption and after regeneration were all similar, indicating that the spent adsorbent could be regenerated.

Mesoporous activated carbon from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peels by H3PO4 assisted microwave: Optimization, characterization, and adsorption mechanism for methylene blue dye removal

BACKGROUNDIron (Fe)‐containing groundwater treatment residual is a kind of waste from groundwater treatment plants, showing good potential to be reused. Attention has been paid to Fe‐based magnetic water treatment materials for their easy magnetic separation, and in the meantime, kinds of adsorbents were developed to address the severe global dyes pollution.RESULTSBlack magnetic material was obtained with using the iron‐containing wastes as iron source without adding other iron chemical reagents by hydrothermal reaction. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) results show that the product is comprised of crystalline iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4) core and amorphous carbon shell (Fe3O4@C), and the core‐shell structure can also been seen clearly in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) result shows its saturation magnetization is 33.56 emu/g. This sample's sorption experiments for methylene blue (MB) removal were conducted, and the experiment results indicated that this sample could be used in a wide range of pH (5–12) and the adsorption might be a complex chemical diffusion process consisting of boundary layer effect due to kinetic modeling fitting analysis. The maximum sorption amount of MB was 16.33 and 19.13 mg/g, respectively at 298 K and 308 K. This sample after five regeneration cycles still had 72.1% MB removal rate.CONCLUSIONThe Fe3O4@C particles with good magnetism were synthesized successfully with Fe‐containing water treatment residuals, water treatment waste sludge, via a one‐step hydrothermal reaction, which could be of reasonable analogy for treating other Fe‐containing industrial waste. Furthermore, this sample could be used as adsorbent for MB molecules removal from dyed water with good reusability and easy magnetic separation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Green synthesis of graphene-oxide based nanocomposites for efficient removal of methylene blue dye from wastewater

Enhanced adsorption capacity of low-cost magnetic clinoptilolite powders/beads for the effective removal of methylene blue: Adsorption and desorption studies