Abstract
We aimed to compare site-specific bone mineral densities (BMDs) between adolescent endurance runners and sprinters and examine the relationship of fat-free mass (FFM) and nutrient intake on BMD. In this cross-sectional study, 37 adolescent female endurance runners and sprinters (16.1 ± 0.8 years) were recruited. BMD and FFM were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Nutrient intake and menstrual state were evaluated by questionnaires. After adjusting for covariates, spine and total bone less head (TBLH) BMDs were significantly higher in sprinters than endurance runners (TBLH, 1.02 ± 0.05 vs. 0.98 ± 0.06 g/cm2; spine, 0.99 ± 0.06 vs. 0.94 ± 0.06 g/cm2; p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between groups in other sites. The rate of menstrual abnormality was higher in endurance runners compared with sprinters (56.3% vs. 23.8%; p < 0.05). FFM was a significant covariate for BMD on all sites except the spine (p < 0.05). Dietary intake of vitamin D was identified as a significant covariate only for pelvic BMD (p < 0.05). The BMDs of different sites among endurance runners and sprinters were strongly related to FFM. However, the association of FFM with spine BMD cannot be explained by FFM alone. Other factors, including nutrition and/or mechanical loading, may affect the spine BMD.
Highlights
Weight-bearing exercise has positive effects on bone metabolism across the age spectrum [1].Adolescence is a critical time for bone mineral accrual [2]
Endurance runners demonstrated a higher incidence of menstrual abnormality (p < 0.01) than sprinters
Running distance was significantly higher in endurance runners compared with sprinters
Summary
Weight-bearing exercise has positive effects on bone metabolism across the age spectrum [1].Adolescence is a critical time for bone mineral accrual [2]. Weight-bearing exercise has positive effects on bone metabolism across the age spectrum [1]. Adolescent athletes typically have higher bone mass compared with their nonathletic peers [3]. Endurance running is weight-bearing exercise, it has been associated with negative effects on bone in some populations, as indicated by reduced spine bone mineral density (BMD) in endurance runners [8,9]. Both sprinters and endurance runners mainly use the lower limbs during exercise, sprinters demonstrate a higher BMD than endurance runners
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