Comparison of palm-oil based and petroleum based dispersant on crude oil contaminated seawater treatment

Photothermal bio-based membrane via spectrum-tailoring and dual H-bonding networks strategies for seawater treatment and crude oil viscosity reduction

The effect of bioaugmentation with Exiguobacterium sp. AO-11 on crude oil removal and the bacterial community in sediment microcosms, and the development of a liquid ready-to-use inoculum

Hydromineral balance and gill morphology in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri, acclimated to fresh and sea water. As affected by petroleum exposure

In the oil and gas industry, internal corrosion of metallic components and piping is caused by the associated water flow onto the surface along with the crude oil. Once established, the corrosion characteristics of the produced water changes due to corresponding change in the fluid properties. By continuously monitoring the corrosion rates and type of corrosion attack on the standard corrosion coupons it is possible to get an indication of the corrosion mechanism operating within different water streams. The corrosion mitigation measures also can be selected and applied based on the predominant corrosion mechanism operating in the system and optimized accordingly. In this study internal corrosion monitoring data from effluent water treatment plants and seawater treatment plant is evaluated with respect to its dissolved H2S and bacterial activity respectively especially the oilfield bacterial counts (General Aerobic, General Anaerobic and Sulfate Reducing Bacteria). Distinct features have been observed on the corrosion coupons retrieved from sour and non-sour water systems and seawater service. Significantly lower corrosion rates and surface adherent FeS scale found on the coupons retrieved from the sour service were compared to that from non-sour waters and subsequent corrosion mitigation measures applied has also been presented here.

A crude oil spill is a common issue during offshore oil drilling, transport and transfer to onshore. Second, the production of petroleum refinery effluent is known to cause pollution due to its toxic effluent discharge. Sea habitats and onshore soil biota are affected by total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) as a pollutant in their natural environment. Crude oil pollution in seawater, estuaries and beaches requires an efficient process of cleaning. To remove crude oil pollutants from seawater, various physicochemical and biological treatment methods have been applied worldwide. A biological treatment method using bacteria, fungi and algae has recently gained a lot of attention due to its efficiency and lower cost. This review introduces various studies related to the bioremediation of crude oil, TPH and related petroleum products by bioaugmentation and biostimulation or both together. Bioremediation studies mentioned in this paper can be used for treatment such as emulsified residual spilled oil in seawater with floating oil spill containment booms as an enclosed basin such as a bioreactor, for petroleum hydrocarbons as a pollutant that will help environmental researchers solve these problems and completely clean-up oil spills in seawater.

Exploration for unconventional reservoirs has begun in various countries in the Middle East. Widely recognized as the bastion of conventional crude oil and gas production, the area's exploration for natural resources –– in particular unconventional resources –– is in its infancy. The lack of fresh water may derail some of the exploration and production of unconventional resources in the Middle East. One of the solutions is to use the abundant availability of nearby sea water for fracturing treatments. This paper will discuss the applicability of sea water for fracturing fluids for without the need for separate treatment of the water. Rheological data with synthetic sea water as well as source sea water from Saudi Arabia, identification of any potential precipitation and remediation and compatibility with produced water and proppant pack conductivity data, of applicable fluids to show the effectiveness of the systems to the high temperatures of the reservoirs in the kingdom, 325°F will also be presented. The concept of using seawater as a base fluid is not new. Because of the problems associated with substituting seawater for freshwater in polymer-based fracturing fluids, many operators are apprehensive about using seawater for fracturing. There have been noted attempts to mix polymer-based fluids on the fly with seawater, but treatment results have varied widely. Seawater contains dissolved inorganic salts, adversely affecting hydration and viscosity development of polymer-based fluids. High content of calcium and magnesium in seawater can reduce viscosity. These salts also buffer and strongly influence pH control and may inhibit or deactivate certain gel breakers. To gel effectively, polymer fluids need a specific mixing environment with distinct pH windows. Borate crosslinking normally requires a high pH. Rheology and breaker profiles will be shown that provide the desired properties and regain conductivity to establish the non-damaging clean-up of a properly designed fluid. The technology presented uses chemical chelation of the problem ions in the sea water, resulting in the fracturing fluids with enhanced fluid and proppant pack properties, including thermal stability, retained fracture conductivity, pH buffering capacity, scale inhibition and fluid loss control. Further, the addition of the novel additives to the fluid does not interfere with the crosslink delay time and does not complicate the preparation of the fluid. The technology discussed eliminates the need for traditional water treatment and nano-filtration of sea water and associated disposal issues.

Large quantities of produced water are generated in oil and gas fields all over the world: the production of one barrel of crude oil generates three barrels of produced water and the water/oil ratio increases drastically over the life of the fields. It is a by-product of petroleum production and needs to be managed efficiently. Produced Water Re-Injection (PWRI) is frequently the selected option over the disposal option for environmental considerations. However due to the combined presence of suspended solids and oil-in-water emulsion, the efficiency of topside filtration and therefore the well injectivity is often problematic. Membrane filtration is considered as a very attractive treatment process that may allow PWRI even in difficult reservoirs without loss of injectivity. An industrial-scale water treatment pilot has been installed in an oil terminal to test the performance of ceramic ultrafiltration membranes. The purposes of the tests were to evaluate the performance of various types of membranes in terms of material, pore size and geometry, the impact of chemical additives and to establish effective cleaning procedures. Nine months of tests allowed TOTAL and VEOLIA Water to determine the parameters required for the design of an industrial full field ceramic ultrafiltration membrane unit. The ultrafiltered produced water was also used to feed a dedicated core pilot to test the injectivity of this treated water into different types of reservoir rocks. This paper presents the results of these two pilots; it provides new information for the Exploration and Production (E&P) industry on the key parameters to design a ceramic ultrafiltration membrane system for produced water, the main operational constraints and the sustainability of the injectivity. Introduction To increase the recovery rate of oil reserves, water injection is usually used during oil production. If most of the injected water comes from sea water treatment, Production Water Re-Injection (PWRI) may be implemented. To optimize production water treatment for re-injection and to reduce oil content in rejected effluents, an offshore compatible technology is needed. As a modular, compact and economical solution, ceramic membrane filtration was tested on site (oil field terminal) as a package in a collaboration between Total and VEOLIA Water. Figure 1 below shows some pictures of the ceramic membrane pilot installed in a container.

Waterflooding has been regarded as an efficient method for pressure maintenance of oil reservoirs. x Improved techniques such as Smart Water flooding as a new EOR/IOR process has gained more momentum based on the recent research activities in this field and the reduction of oil price. Despite many efforts on achieving the governing mechanisms of Smart Water flooding in many individual fields, most of data are sparse and more possible mechanisms which explains all the interactions yet to be introduced. This experimental study used a systematic laboratory framework which is based on seawater treatments at fixed ionic strength to eliminate the ionic strength effects, NaCl considered as the adjusting salt, as the injecting water. An oil-wet carbonate asphaltenic and fractured reservoir is the subject of this study. In order to investigate the impact of divalent ions in Smart Water and determining the governing mechanisms, both fluid-fluid and rock-fluid interactions are carefully studied through contact angle, IFT and pH measurements. The best Smart Water recipes from these experiments are chosen for Amott cell imbibition tests to combine all of the rock-fluid and fluid-fluid interactions of species during Smart Water injection in fractured rocks. According to the obtained results, sulfate ion has the most impact on IFT reduction for the crude oil and various Smart Water recipes and also causes the most reduction in contact angle tests. The imbibition experiments confirm these results, since the lowest recovery was obtained by removing sulfate in seawater while increasing this ion up to 4 times in seawater causes more than 8% of the ultimate recovery efficiency. The results indicated that sulfate is the most efficient divalent ion in seawater to improve the wettability alteration process for carbonate rocks during Smart Water flooding due to the expansion of electrical double layer mechanism. It is also believed that the acceleration of wettability alteration process would be mostly through rock dissolution mechanism. In addition, in the condition of high concentrations of sulfate ions, increased amount of Ca2 and Mg 2 concentrations and the absence of monovalent ions in the injecting water, result in significant enhancements in wettability alteration which lead to 17.5% increase in ultimate oil recovery efficiency.

By exploiting forth industrial revolution technologies such as advanced facility data analytics, robotics for inspection, and highspeed network connectivity through fiber optics and industrial wi-fi Saudi Aramco's Sea Water Injection Department was able to disturb conventional operation and transition its UWIP1 to a smartly operated plant. UWIP1 has been transferred from manned operation into unmanned operation. Aramco's Sea Water Injection Department (SWID) is pioneering industry-leading Digital Transformation (DT) initiatives in advanced facility data analytics, robotics for inspection, and industrial Wi-Fi through an evolving "Integrated Intelligent Operation for Seawater Treatment". Reservoirs distant from the Gulf used to require significant quantities of saline, non-potable groundwater for injection. To replace most withdrawals from this source, Aramco built in 1979 the Qurayyah Seawater Treatment Plant (QSWP), the world's largest for reservoir pressure maintenance. SWID operates QSWP together with a vast associated pipeline network over a large geographic area covering Ghawar, one of the largest conventional oil fields in the world, as well as Khurais, development of which was the largest crude oil expansion program in oil industry history. Seawater is conveyed to hundreds of injection wells. Operating this system is challenging, with the compound effects of massive throughput, complex network, ageing equipment, corrosive seawater, and the "Great Crew Shift" onboarding young talent in place of experienced ones. To resolve these challenges, SWID tapped into the transformational power of DT technologies across the end-to-end water injection value chain to yield benefits in productivity, sustainability and workforce engagement.

An experimental approach to investigate oil recovery during ion-tuned water injection: A new insight into the asphaltene effect

Oil spills are a very dangerous occurrence for the marine ecosystem as the marine life-form's existence gets unnecessarily threatened. Since the exploration of oil from marine resources has become a must and oil spills end up occurring accidentally, as a result, it becomes important to employ various oil spill cleanup methods. The purpose of the current work was to evaluate the oil sorption capacity of dried carbonized avocado peel (AP) waste. AP was dried under the sun and microwaved to have the activated carbon AP. In this study, batch adsorption studies were conducted to remove different oil types (Crude oil, Diesel, Kerosene, and Gas oil) from polluted seawater using AP. The effect of various important parameters, namely, mixing time, adsorbent dose, oil dose, oil types, and reusability on the oil uptake, and their optimum conditions for maximum sorption efficiency was studied. Batch studies indicated that an adsorbent dosage of 7 g, mixing time of 20 minutes under a mixing rate of 45–50 revolutions/min, 1 g of oil and provides maximum oil removal efficiency in the present study. Based on the data fit result of the adsorption; the 7 g AP at 20 min (90%) had better oil retention than the 1.5 g (66%), 3 g (77%), and 5 g (82%) AP. The results indicated that the maximum oil adsorption percentage upon increasing the adsorbent dose (1.5 g, 3 g, 5 g, and 7 g peel) was 66-90% for Crude oil, 45-68% for Diesel, 35-56% for Kerosene, and 19-45% for Gas oil at 20 min using 1 gram oil. The results revealed that sorption capacity decreased as the oil got lighter. Increasing the oil dose reduce the adsorption capacity (Crude oil 90-66%, Diesel 64-45%, Kerosene 50-39%, and Gas oil 40-12%). The oil sorption capacities of the AP sorbents reduce gradually from 90-64% after 10 cycles, with about 72%, since the oleophilic nature of the peel surface was affected during the regeneration process. The kinetic data was analyzed for all adsorbent doses. The pseudo-first order kinetic model was found to agree well with then experimental data found. The result showed that AP biosorbent followed pseudo-first order kinetics. According to the results presented, the cheap efficient AP oil spill sorbent could be developed as a potential material to be used in seawater treatment for oil removal. The avocado carbon displayed excellent adsorption properties for the simulated seawater effluents containing oil.

Oil degradation ability difference and microbial community successions by Ochrobactrum and Shewanella in different oil-polluted seawater

Bioremediation and toxicity determination of natural seawater polluted with weathered crude oil by salt-tolerant consortia in a SBR

Oil spilled into the ocean interacts with suspended matter forming aggregates that transport oil into subsurface layers and towards the bottom. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to explore aggregation of oil with natural phytoplankton assemblages from Cook Inlet, Alaska at three times during a spring bloom. Oil and phytoplankton formed marine oil snow (MOS) that remained positively buoyant with a small fraction of MOS sinking to the bottom of our experimental bottles. Seawater treatments amended with suspended sediments formed oil-mineral aggregates (OMAs) with an oil capacity similar to MOS (∼20% of aggregate area was covered with oil). OMAs accelerated oil sedimentation in our bottles relative to MOS sedimentation underlining the significance of suspended matter as ballast for sinking oil. Our results reveal potential transport mechanisms of oil in Cook Inlet which apply to other coastal systems with high productivity and sediment loads.

Photothermal Bio-Based Membrane Via Integrated Strategies of Spectrum-Narrowing and Dual H-Bonding Networks for Seawater Treatment and Super-Viscous Crude Oil Adsorption