Abstract
The equine neonate is considered to have impaired glucose tolerance due to delayed maturation of the pancreatic endocrine system. Few studies have investigated insulin sensitivity in newborn foals using dynamic testing methods. The objective of this study was to assess insulin sensitivity by comparing the insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (I-FSIGTT) between neonatal foals and adult horses. This study was performed on healthy neonatal foals (n = 12), 24 to 60 hours of age, and horses (n = 8), 3 to 14 years of age using dextrose (300 mg/kg IV) and insulin (0.02 IU/kg IV). Insulin sensitivity (SI), acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), glucose effectiveness (Sg), and disposition index (DI) were calculated using minimal model analysis. Proxy measurements were calculated using fasting insulin and glucose concentrations. Nonparametric statistical methods were used for analysis and reported as median and interquartile range (IQR). SI was significantly higher in foals (18.3 L·min-1· μIU-1 [13.4–28.4]) compared to horses (0.9 L·min-1· μIU-1 [0.5–1.1]); (p < 0.0001). DI was higher in foals (12 × 103 [8 × 103−14 × 103]) compared to horses (4 × 102 [2 × 102−7 × 102]); (p < 0.0001). AIRg and Sg were not different between foals and horses. The modified insulin to glucose ratio (MIRG) was lower in foals (1.72 μIUinsulin2/10·L·mgglucose [1.43–2.68]) compared to horses (3.91 μIU insulin2/10·L·mgglucose [2.57–7.89]); (p = 0.009). The homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function (HOMA-BC%) was higher in horses (78.4% [43–116]) compared to foals (23.2% [17.8–42.2]); (p = 0.0096). Our results suggest that healthy neonatal foals are insulin sensitive in the first days of life, which contradicts current literature regarding the equine neonate. Newborn foals may be more insulin sensitive immediately after birth as an evolutionary adaptation to conserve energy during the transition to extrauterine life.
Highlights
At birth, the neonatal foal undergoes numerous intense physiologic changes during the transition from intra-uterine to extra-uterine life
Insulin sensitivity in healthy foals and horses system is of utmost importance, as the endocrine pancreas must assume a glucoregulatory role in order to maintain euglycemia [1, 2]
The maturation of the endocrine pancreas continues into the post-natal period, which is evident as pancreatic alpha cells have a poor response to parenteral glucose prior to parturition [5]
Summary
The neonatal foal undergoes numerous intense physiologic changes during the transition from intra-uterine to extra-uterine life. The endocrine pancreas of the equine fetus is functional prior to parturition, as pancreatic alpha and beta cells are responsive to intra-fetal infusion of amino acids and glucose [3, 4]. The maturation of the endocrine pancreas continues into the post-natal period, which is evident as pancreatic alpha cells have a poor response to parenteral glucose prior to parturition [5]. Both alpha and beta pancreatic cells undergo developmental changes during the first ten days of life in newborn pony foals [6]. Since development of the endocrine pancreas continues into the post-natal period and there is transient reduced insulin action due to increased cortisol concentrations [7,8,9], it has been suggested that neonatal foals are insulin resistant in the first 24 hours post-partum [9]
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