Abstract
During the last century, bearded vulture populations have declined and are threatened by extinction in Europe. Conservation efforts such as captive-bird breeding programs require the knowledge of the sex of individuals. The bearded vulture is difficult to sex morphologically because it is sexually monomorphic. Until now, there were no published genetic methods to sex this species. In our study, we tested different methods based on polymerase chain reaction analysis of the chromobox-helicase-DNA binding protein gene. This gene is located on both sex chromosomes, but the two copies differ in size depending on chromosomal location. Differences can be detected by digestion with restriction enzymes or with the amplification refractory mutation system technique. These methods are quick, accurate, and inexpensive and allow a large scale sex typing of bearded vultures.
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