Comparison of Changes in Plasma Volume and Renal Function between Acetazolamide and Conventional Diuretics: Understanding the Mechanical Differences according to the “Chloride Theory”

Abstract

Objective: We compared the effects of the chloride-regaining diuretic acetazolamide with those of conventional diuretics on plasma volume, serum electrolytes, and renal function in acutely decompensated heart failure (HF) patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on the data of 13 patients treated with acetazolamide (Group A) and 13 patients with conventional diuretics (Group B) matched based on diuresis-induced weight reduction (≥1 kg) during resolution of worsening HF. Changes in plasma volume (Strauss formula), renal function, and serum electrolytes under treatment were determined by peripheral blood tests. Results: Clinical characteristics at baseline were not different between groups A and B. After diuretic therapy, body weight reduction (–2.23 ± 1.11 vs. –2.22 ± 1.06 kg, p = 0.97) and the number of residual HF-related signs (0.31 ± 0.48 vs. 0.23 ± 0.44, p = 0.67) was not different between groups. After each treatment, the serum chloride concen­tration increased in Group A, but decreased in Group B (+5.31 ± 4.91 vs. – 4.54 ± 4.68 mEq/L, p < 0.0001). Plasma volume (0.63 ± 13.1 vs. –12.1 ± 10.5%, p < 0.01) and renal function determined by changes in serum creatinine concentration (0.048 ± 0.12 vs. 0.21 ± 0.24 mg/dL, p < 0.047) were preserved in Group A compared with Group B. Conclusions: While both groups exhibited equivalent body weight reduction and resolution of HF-related signs after each diuretic treatment, acetazolamide treatment preserved plasma volume and renal function compared to conventional diuretics.