Abstract
Simple SummaryInsect galls are characterized by high concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. We calculated the correlation between the concentrations of indoleacetic acid (IAA), trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) and isopentenyladenine (iP) and the bacterial community structure of Lithosaphonecrus arcoverticus galls. Our results indicated the concentrations of IAA, tZR and iP were positively correlated with the bacterial community structure of L. arcoverticus galls. We suggest the high concentrations of IAA, tZR and iP may affect the bacterial community structure of L. arcoverticus galls.Insect galls are the abnormal growth of plant tissues induced by a wide variety of galling insects and characterized by high concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. It remains unclear whether the auxins and cytokinins affect the bacterial community structure of insect galls. We determined the concentrations of indoleacetic acid (IAA) as an example of auxin, trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) and isopentenyladenine (iP) as cytokinins in Lithosaphonecrus arcoverticus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) galls and the galled twigs of Lithocarpus glaber (Fagaceae) using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Moreover, for the first time, we compared the bacterial community structure of L. arcoverticus galls and galled twigs by high-throughput sequencing, and calculated the Spearman correlation and associated degree of significance between the IAA, tZR and iP concentrations and the bacterial community structure. Our results indicated the concentrations of IAA, tZR and iP were higher in L. arcoverticus galls than in galled twigs, and positively correlated with the bacterial community structure of L. arcoverticus galls. We suggest the high concentrations of IAA, tZR and iP may affect the bacterial community structure of L. arcoverticus galls.
Highlights
IntroductionInsect galls are characterized by fast growth, tissue differentiation, cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia associated with high levels of auxins and cytokinins in the developmental period [3]
The enzyme immunoassays have shown a high content of cytokinin such as dihydrozeatin riboside in insect galls induced by the gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus [12]
This study indicated that L. arcoverticus galls and the galled twigs of L. glaber were generally inhabited by the same genera but the proportions between these genera were different, and the concentrations of indoleacetic acid (IAA), trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) and iP were higher in L
Summary
Insect galls are characterized by fast growth, tissue differentiation, cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia associated with high levels of auxins and cytokinins in the developmental period [3]. The phytohormones such as auxins are involved in plant cell elongation and proliferation, whereas cytokinins promote cell differentiation and proliferation [4]. Previous studies have indicated that the levels of auxins and cytokinins are higher in midge galls [5], aphid galls [6], fly galls [7], moth galls [8], psyllids galls [9,10] and sawfly galls [11] than in the un-galled tissues of host plants. The enzyme immunoassays have shown a high content of cytokinin such as dihydrozeatin riboside in insect galls induced by the gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus [12]
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