Comparison of γ-Oryzanol Content Using HPLC Profiling and Bioactivity in Three Indonesian Brown Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Varieties

The antioxidant activity test of young and ripe Srikaya fruit extract (Annona Squamosa L.) had been carried out by using the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of young and ripe srikaya fruit extract using the FRAP method by using qualitative and quantitative method. The research method used was FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) which was based on a reduction reaction in an acid state towards a yellow Fe3+ (Potassium hexacyanoferat(III)) complex compound to become a bluish-green Fe2+ complex compound due to electron donors from antioxidant compounds. The result of the qualitative analysis of the antioxidant activity of young and ripe srikaya fruit extract was a change in color in the sample extracts of young and ripe Srikaya fruit due to the reduction reaction in an acid state towards the yellow-colored Fe3+ (Potassium hexacyanoferat(III)) complex compound to become a bluish-green Fe2+ complex compound. due to electron donor of antioxidant compounds. Quantitatively, the average antioxidant activity of samples of young and ripe srikaya fruit extract was respectively 7,448 mgAAE/g extract and 9,351 mgAAE/g extract. The result indicated that the antioxidant activity of ripe srikaya fruit was greater than that of young fruit. Based on the results of the analysis parameter testing the t-test, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the antioxidant activity of the young and ripe srikaya fruit extract (Annona squamosa L.). 
 
 
 
 The antioxidant activity test of young and ripe Srikaya fruit extract (Annona Squamosa L.) had been carried out by using the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of young and ripe srikaya fruit extract using the FRAP method by using qualitative and quantitative method. The research method used was FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) which was based on a reduction reaction in an acid state towards a yellow Fe3+ (Potassium hexacyanoferat(III)) complex compound to become a bluish-green Fe2+ complex compound due to electron donors from antioxidant compounds. The result of the qualitative analysis of the antioxidant activity of young and ripe srikaya fruit extract was a change in color in the sample extracts of young and ripe Srikaya fruit due to the reduction reaction in an acid state towards the yellow-colored Fe3+ (Potassium hexacyanoferat(III)) complex compound to become a bluish-green Fe2+ complex compound. due to electron donor of antioxidant compounds. Quantitatively, the average antioxidant activity of samples of young and ripe srikaya fruit extract using the FRAP method was respectively 7,448 mgAAE/g extract and 9,351 mgAAE/g extract. The result indicated that the antioxidant activity of ripe srikaya fruit was greater than that of young fruit. Based on the results of the analysis parameter testing the t-test, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the antioxidant activity of the young and ripe srikaya fruit extract (Annona squamosa L.).
 

The objective of the current study was to determine the chemical constituents, total phenols, antioxidant activity, and hypocholesterol effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Styrax officinalis fruits.The chemical composition of the extracts was assessed by (GC) and (GC-MS). The extract contained various compounds, with styracitol (90.8-97.4%) being the major compound in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively. The total phenolic content was quantitatively determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, with gallic acid as the standard. Antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring the scavenging of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH). The total phenolic content of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts was found to be 19.2 ± 0.75 mg GAE/g and 9.16 ± 0.23 mg GAE/g, respectively, in terms of gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The antioxidant activity has an IC50 of 1.076-2.49 mg/mL, respectively. The anti-cholesterol activity was determined using the CHOD-PAP method. The aqueous extract was more effective than the ethanolic extract at lowering cholesterol. The IC50 for the ethanolic extract was 6.4 mg/ml, while the IC50 for the aqueous extract was 0.54 mg/ml.

Germinated brown rice (GBR) is considered a functional food due to its rich health promoting bioactive compounds such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), γ-oryzanol, phenolics, and antioxidants. In this study, different germinated brown rice varieties were treated with electron beam irradiation (EBI) and x-ray irradiation to assess the effects on these compounds. Food irradiation technology endorsed by the US-FDA and WHO for improving food safety and extending shelf life was utilized. Germinated black fragrant brown rice (Hom Nil brown rice, Oryza sativa L.), and germinated brown rice (GBR) mixed with 3 varieties of brown rice (Thai Hom Mali brown rice, red cargo brown rice, and black fragrant brown rice) were treated with EBI and x-ray irradiation at a dose of 1 kGy, energy levels of 10 and 5 MeV, respectively. The results showed that EBI at the specified dose could significantly increase GABA content in a mixed GBR sample from 3.76 mg/100 g (dried weight) in a non-irradiated sample to 6.44 mg/100 g (dried weight) in an EBI sample, which was a 1.7 fold increase. Moreover, both irradiation methods did not impact any other health promoting compounds such as γ-oryzanol, total phenolic content, or antioxidant activity. However, x-ray irradiation decreased anthocyanin activity in germinated black fragrant brown rice. The Hunter Lab system was used to determine color characteristics. The results showed that EBI slightly increased the yellowness value of a mixed GBR sample. In addition, EBI and x-ray irradiations can reduce microbial contamination of total aerobic plate count and total yeast and mold count in both GBR samples to low levels of 1.30 102 1.30 10 and < 10 1.8 10 CFU/g, respectively. The results demonstrated that EBI can improve the nutritional quality and enhance consumer food safety in GBR products. HIGHLIGHTS Electron beam irradiation (EBI) and x-irradiation were applied to germinated brown rice (GBR) in both single and mixed formulas for the purpose of enhancing health promoting compounds. A low dose of electron beam irradiation (EBI) significantly increased the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in mixed germinated brown rice, which includes Thai Hom Mali brown rice (Oryza sativa), red cargo brown rice, and black fragrant brown rice compared to the non-irradiated sample. The highest levels of health promoting compounds were detected in a single formula of germinated black fragrant brown rice. Both types of irradiation did not alter the GABA content or antioxidant activities of the GBR sample. However, anthocyanin activity was decreased by x-ray irradiation. All GBR samples showed low levels of microbial contamination. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.) produces lutein compounds which present biological activities such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antimutagenicity, and immunomodulatory effects. The study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of the lutein of T. erecta L. and the effect of lutein on the activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells. The antioxidant screening was carried out using diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-and-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay with serial concentrations and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. For the observation of activity and phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages, twenty-eight mice were used and divided into seven groups each comprising four replicates, i.e., Group (I) normal controls, mice were untreated (II) a negative control, mice were induced by Staphylococcus aureus (III) positive control, mice were induced by S. aureus and treatment of meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri). The treatment group (IV-VII) mice were induced by S. aureus and treated crude lutein, respectively: 0.15 mg, 0.30 mg, 0.60 mg, and 0.90 mg. 20 g−1 of body weight. The lutein extracted from T. erecta shows an antioxidant activity against DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 53.58 μg.ml−1, while the antioxidant activity against ABTS has an IC50 value of 72.91 μg.ml−1. The antioxidant activity test results by the FRAP method at each lutein concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 75 ppm were obtained respectively of 33, 88, 185.5, and 288.5 μmol Fe2+/g extract. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) after. The phagocytic activity was 45.5%; 54.75%; 57.50% and 67.0%, respectively, while the phagocytic capacity values ​​were 355; 519; 611 and 767 S. aureus bacterial cells per 50 macrophage cells. The lutein from marigolds (T. erecta L.) is capable of scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidants. Lutein can increase the activity and capacity of phagocytic of peritoneum macrophage cells in mice.

Chemical and functional components in different parts of rough rice (Oryza sativa L.) before and after germination

In four mixed media composed of (1) brown and polished rice, Oryza sativa L., (2) brown and rough rice, (3) polished and rough rice, and (4) brown, polished, and rough rice, feeding and oviposition of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), were observed. In all media, the weevil rarely exploited rough rice. The rice weevil fed on brown rice more frequently than on polished rice, but did not concentrate on brown rice in the media containing both brown and polished rice. The feeding preference index for brown rice over polished rice was ≍1.9. Females laid more eggs on brown rice than on polished rice. In the media containing both brown and polished rice, females laid eggs exclusively on brown rice; the preference index for brown rice over polished rice was ≍19.3. Mortality of the weevil during development in the medium without brown rice was significantly higher than in the media with brown rice. Life table statistics for the weevil in the four media showed that brown rice was the critical factor determining population development. Thus, the weevil's strong oviposition preference for brown rice allows it to maximize its fitness when feed with a variety of resources of different qualities. The relative impact of oviposition versus feeding preferences of the weevil on its reproductive success is discussed.

Quantitative analyses of individual γ-Oryzanol (Steryl Ferulates) in conventional and organic brown rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The effect of polishing and cooking on the antioxidant activities of local rice was studied. Brown rice was polished to 2%, 4% and 6% of polishing degree using embryo rice machine to produce three levels of embryo rice. All rice sample (brown rice, embryo rice 1 (2%), embryo rice 2 (4%), embryo rice 3 (6%) and white rice) were cooked using electric rice cooker. The raw and cooked rice samples were analyzed for antioxidant by total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Polishing degree and cooking treatment showed significant (p≤ 0.05) effects on both antioxidant activities (TPC, FRAP and DPPH radical scavenging values) of the raw and cooked rice samples. Results showed that raw brown rice and raw embryo rice 1 were significantly higher than the other type of rice samples for TPC and FRAP values. In DPPH radical scavenging activities, raw brown rice had the highest value while white rice indicated the otherwise. Cooked brown rice demonstrated significantly higher of FRAP values (p≤ 0.05) than embryo rice 1, followed by embryo rice 2, embryo rice 3 and white rice. No significant differences were observed either between TPC values of cooked brown rice and cooked embryo rice 1 or between the DPPH radical scavenging values of cooked embryo rice 2 and cooked embryo rice 3. High positive correlations were determined between TPC, FRAP and DPPH assays (R2 > 0.70) of the samples. In overall, moderate level of antioxidant activities were detected in the raw and cooked rice samples.

Obesity-related hypercholesterolemia, a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is metabolic disorder characterized by elevated fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Brown rice (Oryza sativa L.), a functional food with diverse pharmacological properties, is believed to possess potent anti-obesity and anti-cholesterol effects. This study aimed to identify a potent compound from brown rice that could inhibit key enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis: fatty acid synthase (FASN), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS1), and 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR). To achieve this, bioactive compounds from brown rice were screened for drug-likeness, toxicity, and bioactivity. Molecular docking was performed to evaluate the binding affinities of selected compounds to the target proteins and was continued molecular dynamic simulation. Among the twenty-six compounds analyzed, five were identified as promising candidates for anti-obesity and anti-cholesterol activities. Trans-3- hydroxycinnamic acid emerged as the most potent compound, exhibiting strong binding affinities to the active sites of FASN (Leu2222, Phe2423), HMGCS1 (Cys129, Tyr171, Ser377), and HMGCR (Glu559, Gly806, Thr809, Met655). Importantly, this compound formed stronger and closer interactions with FASN (-7.4 kcal/mol) and HMGCS1 (-7.2 kcal/mol) compared to the respective drug controls (orlistat and hymeglusin). However, its binding affinity to HMGCR (-6.2 kcal/mol) was weaker than that of simvastatin (-8.3 kcal/mol). Notably, molecular dynamic results demonstrated that the interaction trans-3-hydroxycinnamic acid with FASN and HMGCR was stable. By effectively inhibiting FASN and HMGCR1, trans-3-hydroxycinnamic acid from brown rice has the potential to regulate lipid metabolism, suppress obesity, and prevent complications associated with hypercholesterolemia.

Torbangun (Coleus amboinicus L.) is a natural breast milk stimulant with antioxidant activity. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant activity of instant Torbangun drinks (ITD) ethanolic extract using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil), ABTS (2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) methods. Ethanolic extract of commercial Torbangun tea (CTT) and lactation booster milk (CLM) was also included in all analyses as a product reference. At the same time, vitamin C was used as an antioxidant standard. The antioxidant activity was expressed as EC50 value. Among breastmilk booster drinks, the sample with the highest antioxidant activity obtained from ABTS and FRAP methods was ITD (EC50 18.26 mg/mL) and CLM (EC50 0.187 mg/mL), respectively. Assessing with the DPPH method, the activity of ITD and CLM was not significantly different (EC50 35.200 mg/mL and 33.035 mg/mL, respectively), and those were higher than that of CTT (EC50 52.22 mg/mL). However, the antioxidant activity of all products was significantly lower than vitamin C in all analysis methods (EC50 < 0.05 mg/mL). This finding was proposed due to different antioxidant compounds and antioxidant mechanisms among breast milk booster products. This study also revealed that ABTS and FRAP were the most suitable methods for determining antioxidant properties in all samples.

This study investigates the alterations in phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of pigmented rough and brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) during a controlled germination process at 30°C over periods of 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Our findings indicate a gradual decrease in total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as antioxidant activity, in both rough and brown rice varieties throughout the germination process. Notably, red and black rice exhibited detectable levels of proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins, respectively, with significantly higher concentrations observed at the initial stages of 0 or 12 h. A comprehensive analysis identified seven phenolic compounds in germinated red rice, including trace amounts of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and exclusively vanillic acid (14.83-24.91 mg/100 g) in germinated black rice. The levels of p-coumaric, sinapic, and ferulic acids in red rice peaked between 24 to 36 h post-germination. Specifically, these acids increased by 103.8%, 75.3%, and 93.8% in cultivar GRR, and by 61.6%, 54.0%, and 55.8% in cultivar GBR, respectively. This trend is in contrast to black rice, where peak levels of these acids were observed at the un-germinated stage. The germination process was also associated with a reduction in isoferulic acid content in both red and black rice varieties. Our results substantiate that germinated rough rice contains significantly higher levels of phytochemicals compared to germinated brown rice, suggesting its superior potential in germination-based applications. Furthermore, principal component analysis, explaining 92.18% of the total variance, offers valuable insights for the food industry in developing functional grain products enriched with health-promoting phytochemicals.

The resistance of Plasmodium, to medications is hindering malaria eradication efforts. As a reason, the search for treatments has become crucial. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effectiveness of a malaria treatment recipe containing extracts from Phyllanthus niruri Linn and Sida acuta Burm. The study evaluated antioxidant activity by phosphomolybdate reduction and the FRAP method; antimalarial activity was assessed on Plasmodium falciparum field isolates in vitro; antipyretic activity using yeast induced hyperthermia and measured cytotoxicity with the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -5- (3- carboxymethoxyphenyl) -2- (4- sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay. The P. niruri extract showed the best antioxidant activity with concentrations of 0.09 ± 0.00 mg AAE/g extract using the phosphomolybdate reduction method and 267.17 ± 25.66 µmol Eq Fe2+/mg extract using the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method respectively. The different extracts and their combination demonstrated effects on P. falciparum fields with IC50 (Concentration of the substance that inhibited 50% of parasites) values ranging between 0.19 to 2.68 µg/ml (IC50 &lt; 5 µg/mL). Additionally antipyretic activity results indicated that the combined extracts had effects compared to paracetamol a common reference drug. The results, from the cytotoxicity tests indicated that both extracts had a CC50 (The cytotoxic concentration for 50%) above 100 µg/mL. It was found that all plant extracts are non-toxic and when combined they exhibited intriguing biological effects.

Extracts of Sutherlandia frutescens (cancer bush) exhibit considerable qualitative and quantitative chemical variability depending on their natural wild origins. The purpose of this study was thus to determine bioactivity of extracts from different regions using in vitro antioxidant and anti-cancer assays. Extracts of the species are complex and are predominantly composed of a species-specific set of triterpene saponins (cycloartanol glycosides), the sutherlandiosides, and flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol glycosides), the sutherlandins. For the Folin-Ciocalteu phenolics test values of 93.311 to 125.330 mg GAE/g DE were obtained. The flavonoids ranged from 54.831 to 66.073 mg CE/g DE using the aluminum chloride assay. Extracts from different sites were also assayed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging method and ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP) methods. This was followed by an in vitro Cell Titer-Glo viability assay of various ecotypes using the DLD-1 colon cancer cell line. All test extracts displayed anti-oxidant activity through the DPPH• radical scavenging mechanism, with IC50 values ranging from 3.171 to 7.707 µg·mL−1. However, the degree of anti-oxidant effects differed on a chemotypic basis with coastal plants from Gansbaai and Pearly Beach (Western Cape) exhibiting superior activity whereas the Victoria West inland group from the Northern Cape, consistently showed the weakest anti-oxidant activity for both the DPPH• and FRAP methods. All extracts showed cytotoxicity on DLD-1 colon cancer cells at the test concentration of 200 µg·mL−1 but Sutherlandia plants from Colesburg (Northern Cape) exhibited the highest anti-cancer activity. These findings confirm that S. frutescens specimens display variability in their bioactive capacities based on their natural location, illustrating the importance of choosing relevant ecotypes for medicinal purposes.

Garlic is used by some people to treat itching on the skin which is often known as tinea versicolor. These materials are used by rubbing the itchy skin area. Garlic produces waste in the form of skin, garlic bulb skin contains flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins and saponins, which have antioxidant activity. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of the garlic skin extract fraction (Allium Sativum L.) using the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method and to determine the IC50 value of the garlic skin extract fraction using the FRAP method. The type of research used was experimentation with garlic skin samples extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent, then fractions were carried out with polar (ethanol:water) and non-polar (n-hexane) solvents. Antioxidant activity testing using uv-vis spectrophotometry. Based on the results of the descriptive analysis, it showed that the garlic extract and skin fraction samples had antioxidant activity. The results obtained were the ethanol:water fraction was 1.52 ppm and the n-hexane fraction was 2.75. conclution is the polar fraction (ethanol:water) and the non-polar fraction (n-hexane) have strong antioxidant activity.

ABSTRACT: This research determined the nutritional composition, antioxidant activity and total phenolic compound content of sweet potato flour from different cultivars: Beauregard cv. sweet potato (BF) and the common sweet potato Brazlândia Rosada cv. (CF). Total lipids, proteins, moisture, carbohydrates, pH, titratable acidity, fiber, ash, iron, zinc, beta-carotene, vitamin A and determination of caloric value were analyzed. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds were also determined by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) methods. CF showed higher levels of carbohydrates, ash, fiber, pH and antioxidant activity by the ABTS method. Protein and zinc contents were similar between the two flours. BF had higher moisture content, caloric value, lipids, iron, DPPH radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity by the FRAP method, as well as total phenolic compounds, beta-carotene and vitamin A content. The data revealed good nutritional composition for both analyzed flours. The Beauregard flour can be highlightedregarding its higher beta-carotene and iron content. Moreover, the Beauregard sweet potato flour is a good source of provitamin A, in addition to being a source of fiber.