Abstract
ABSTRACT To investigate the deeper coloring mechanism of berry, the ‘Benitaka’ (Be) grape, ABA treatment on ‘Benitaka’ (Be (ABA)), and its deeper coloring bud mutation ‘Brasil’ (Br) grape were compared three weeks post-ABA treatment (11 weeks post-flowering, 200 mg/g ABA). Firstly, the ABA-treated group exhibited a deeper coloring at three weeks post-ABA treatment than the ‘Brasil’. Deeper color in ‘Brasil’ was caused by higher content of peonidin-3-O-monoglucoside, malvidin-3-O-monoglucoside, and malvidin-3-O-coumarylglucoside, while the deeper color in ABA-treated group was mainly caused by higher content of cyanidin-3-O-monoglucoside and peonidin-3-O-monoglucoside. In addition, the results revealed that ‘Brasil’ showed deeper coloring than ‘Benitaka’ was probably due to the higher expression of the VvmybA1 and VvmybA1-1 genes, similar with ABA-treated group. Compared with ‘Benitaka’, the distinction between the ABA-treated group and ‘Brasil’ was the expression of VvmybA1 gene. The gene expression was delayed in the ABA-treated group until three weeks post treatment. The VvmybA1 gene and transcription factor play an important role in the anthocyanin biosynthesis, and showed the difference in expressions of the VvmybA1 and VvmybA1-1 gene during different period of time probably due to different kind of anthocyanins. Based on these results, a possible mechanism of anthocyanins biosynthesis was established to elaborate the reason for the deeper coloring in ABA-treated ‘Benitaka’ and ‘Brasil’ grapes.
Highlights
Grape is a popular fruit crop around the globe
Researchers found that the VvMybA1 gene was suppressed due to a retrotransposon insert on the promoter region of VvMybA1 in white grapes, while it can be expressed in color mutation cultivars (Kobayashi et al 2004)
The treated Be berries (Be (ABA) showed much deeper color compared with Be and Br, and Br looked deeper than Be three weeks post-abscisic acid (ABA) treatment (11 weeks post- flowering)
Summary
Grape is a popular fruit crop around the globe. The table grape cultivar ‘Italia’ (Vitis vinifera), was obtained from a cross between ‘Bicane’ and ‘Muscat’ from Hamburg. The ‘Benitaka’ grape shows red color at the ripening time, while the ‘Brasil’ grape, which was obtained from ‘Benitaka’, always has a deeper color compared with ‘Benitaka’ during their ripening time. These color mutations have been proven to be determined by the variety of anthocyanin (Boss et al 1996a). Five primary anthocyanins (Cyanidin-3-glucoside, Peonidin-3-glucoside, Malvidin-3-glucoside, Petunidin-3-glucoside and Delphinidin-3-glucoside) have been demonstrated in grapes as well as in other fruit crops (Boss et al 1996b; Fraige et al 2014). The study by detected SSR molecular markers, SNPs, structure variations and Indels by whole genome re-
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