Abstract
The purpose of this in vitro study is to compare the maximum load capacity and modes of failure under static loading in three types of titanium abutments (n = 3) with different processes or manufacturers. The Pre-Ti group consists of prefabricated titanium abutments from original equipment manufacturers (OEM), the CAD-Ti group consists of OEM titanium abutments fabricated with computer-assisted design/manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technique, and the AM-Ti group is CAD/CAM titanium abutment made by aftermarket manufacturers. A full zirconia crown was fabricated and cemented to each abutment. An all-electric dynamic test instrument was used to place loading on the zirconia crown with a crosshead speed set at 1 mm/min. The mean maximum load capacity of both OEM titanium abutments was significantly higher than the aftermarket titanium abutments. All these three types of implant–abutment complexes exhibited similar modes of failure, which included deformation of the abutment and implant, fracture of the abutment and retentive screw.
Highlights
Replacing a missing tooth with a dental implant is a predictable and frequently used treatment, implant-supported prosthesis has proven to be an effective method for oral reconstruction [1,2,3]
Owing to the fact that studies on aftermarket abutments are scarce and lack consistency in specimen design, the present study aims to compare the differences in maximum load capacity and modes of failure of the three different titanium abutments, including prefabricated original equipment manufacturer (OEM), computer-assisted design and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM)
The Pre-Ti group consisted of prefabricated OEM titanium abutments (Esthetic Abutment NobelReplace, Nobel Biocare, Yorba-Linda, CA, USA), the CAD-Ti group consisted of OEM titanium abutments fabricated with CAD/CAM technique by original manufacturers (NobelProcera Titanium Abutment, Nobel Biocare, Yorba-Linda, CA, USA), and the AM-Ti group consisted of CAD/CAM titanium abutments made by aftermarket manufacturers (JingGang, Tainan, Taiwan)
Summary
Replacing a missing tooth with a dental implant is a predictable and frequently used treatment, implant-supported prosthesis has proven to be an effective method for oral reconstruction [1,2,3]. The long-term success of dental implants has been confirmed by several studies, with a 5-year survival rate of 94.5%, and a 10-year survival rate of 89.4% [4,5]. Due to its excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties, titanium abutment is still often utilized in clinical practice [6,7]. Among the formulations of titanium alloys, titanium–aluminum–vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) is the most widely used in dentistry due to its better physical and mechanical properties and it being more fatigue-resistant compared to commercially pure titanium [8,9]. Physicians use implants and its prosthetic components, including abutments and screws, from the same manufacturer, which is known as the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). Sailer et al [10]
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