Comparing Refugee Dispersal Policies: Varieties of Responsibility‐Sharing in Europe

Abstract. Introduction. The article considers motivation as one of the methods of personnel management in hotel establishments of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law, traces the positive aspects of the motivation method and the effectiveness of its application in practice at hotel enterprises. The article defines the concept of "staff motivation" and reveals that in order to enhance employee motivation, it is more efficient to combine tangible, intangible and professional incentives. The world experience of applying of employee motivation is analyzed, material, non-material and professional incentives in Japan, America, Great Britain, Sweden, Germany, France are studied. The article highlights the specifics of the use of material, nonmaterial and professional incentives for workers in wartime, examples are given. It was established that the use of material, professional and non-material incentives, including participation in socially significant projects, leads to an increase in the efficiency of the work of employees and contributes to their identification with the workplace. Such social responsibility creates a new perspective on the hospitality industry and reflects the spirit of the Ukrainian people. Purpose. Clarification of the definition of the concept of "staff motivation", the study of motivation as a method of personnel management of a hotel enterprise in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. Result. European methods of motivation involve a combination of material, non-material and professional incentives. Compared to other countries, the motivation of hotel employees in Ukraine changes along with their needs. In comparison with other European countries, the motivation system in Ukraine is changing in accordance with the modern needs of society, and now the dominant incentive is a decent salary, followed by non-material and professional incentives. Based on this, we can conclude that Ukrainians are ready to work with any salary, just to satisfy their basic needs. Thus, the problem of staff motivation in the hospitality industry is relevant today and should be solved as soon as possible for economic and social benefits. One of the most influential means of non-material stimulation during the martial law in Ukraine is the involvement of employees in socially significant projects. Ukrainian hotel & resort association has created its map of hotels that are ready to work in blackout conditions. When forming this map, the requirements for the technical arrangement of hotels were taken into account. Conclusions. Therefore, staff motivation is a set of material, non-material and professional incentives that can ensure high-quality and efficient work, which contributes to the success and productivity of the company. The motivation of employees of hotel enterprises in Ukraine is currently created through material, professional and non-material incentives, in particular socially significant projects. Helping his people to provide pleasant emotions, a sense of need, to create and maintain a spirit of indomitability. In this way, relationships in the team are strengthened, social ties are strengthened and help is provided to those who need it. The sense of involvement in socially significant projects helps the identification of the employee with the city of work. Such social responsibility creates a new perspective on the hospitality industry and reflects the spirit of the Ukrainian people.

Recent changes in the organization of long-term care have had controversial effects on gender inequality in Europe. In response to the challenges of ageing populations, almost all countries have adopted reform measures to secure the increasing resource needs for care, to ensure care services by different providers, to regulate the quality of services, and overall to recalibrate the work-life balance for men and women. These reforms are embedded in different family ideals of intergenerational ties and dependencies, divisions of responsibilities between state, market, family, and community actors, and backed by wider societal support to families to care for their elderly and disabled members. This article disentangles the different components of the notion of ‘(de)familialization’ which has become a crucial concept of care scholarship. We use a fuzzy-set ideal type analysis to investigate care policies and work-family reconciliation policies shaping long-term care regimes. We are making steps to reveal aggregate gender equality impacts of intermingling policy dynamics and also to relate the analysis to migrant care work effects. The results are explained in a four-pronged ideal type scheme to which European countries belong. While only Nordic and some West European continental countries are close to the double earner, supported carer ideal type, positive outliers prove that transformative gender relations in care can be construed not only in the richest and most generous welfare countries in Europe.

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to assess the emergence of New Public Management in the governance of activation policies in nine European countries. In the light of considerable diversity in the implementation of New Public Management in the different countries, the article tries to identify common patterns.Design/methodology/approachFor the identification of patterns, fuzzy set theory is applied. Fuzzy sets are used to define ideal types and to measure the degree of membership in the different ideal types for every country.FindingsIt is possible to show that despite the substantial diversity of New Public Management approaches in the governance of activation policies, common patterns exist. The article identifies four ideal types of New Public Management within the nine countries involved in the analysis. At the same time it is shown that most countries do not represent pure models but unify different tendencies within one dominant type.Originality/valueThe identification of common patterns in the emergence of New Public Management in the governance of activation can provide a useful framework for discussion and further research on the implications of different forms of governance on the content and delivery of activation services in Europe.

After Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, and its subsequent decision to stop its gas export to Europe, Europe’s energy dependence on Russia was put on full display. In this paper, we map energy relations with Russia in three European countries that in the period of analysis between 2012 and 2022 were among the most important energy customers of Russia: Poland, Germany and the Netherlands. Moreover, we examine how this issue has been addressed – if at all – in party programs in elections in the same period. Examining party programs, we argue, brings new insights and a better understanding of how energy policies and relations with Russia were viewed in the three countries – and in the EU in general in that period. The paper identifies two ideal types – the ‘liberal pragmatists’, who treated strong energy interdependence as a possible conflict-mitigating measure, and the ‘hard core realists’, who viewed strong energy dependence on Russia as a possible source of strategic threat.

The current determinants of the assessment of the employer's brand by employees are investigated, taking into account the differences in the values ​​of generations and the importance of socially responsible initiatives of companies in labour relations. There are significant differences in the importance of the components of the employer brand in different countries as well as in the assessments of the generations. European countries are characterized by incomplete compliance of employers' value proposals with the interests of employees. In Ukraine labour market stakeholders’ assessments differ considering many of the value proposals offered by employers in terms of compliance with employees’ priorities. Thus, the dominant values ​​of employment are connected with material incentives, however, the importance of professional development (successful career), the content of work, a comfortable environment is also high. Employment guarantees and financial capability of the company are very important for Ukrainian employees regarding the stable employment prospective. An obvious trend in both the global and domestic labour markets is the change of values ​​in labour relations in the context of different generations. All generations of employees in Ukraine are united only by the dominant importance of material incentives for employment. Regarding other values, there are significant differences that should be taken into account by employers in planning CSR programs and the formation of value propositions. As for the youngest generation, which is actively entering the labour market today (Generation Z), it should be considered that the top 5 of their values includes the possibility of flexible employment. It can be concluded that the components of the employer's brand have different assessments by different generations of employees and do not always meet the current value propositions. However, in terms of growing competition in attracting talents, they should be the basis for further development of social responsibility of companies in labour relations in order to strengthen their competitive advantages.

The purpose of this study is to generalize the existing theoretical approaches to the organization of the RPS deposit system and analyse the successful experience of their implementation in Slovakia with the aim of spreading them in Ukrainian realities. For decades, the management of food and beverage packaging waste has been a significant concern, closely tied to the circular economy and sustainable development. Effective waste collection systems are crucial for these goals, and they have garnered support from both global governments and leading companies. In Ukraine, the issue has become particularly pressing due to ongoing military conflict, with a large portion of the country both occupied and overwhelmed by waste. The lack of modern waste processing facilities exacerbates this problem, which Ukraine must address as it seeks EU membership. The European Union has long established legislation, such as Directive 94/62/EU, to regulate packaging waste, encouraging preventive measures and the reuse of packaging. Successful models from EU countries, such as Slovakia’s deposit system for bottles and cans, offer practical solutions that could be adapted to Ukraine’s context. The study employed methods of analysis, synthesis, and content analysis to explore DRS models across Europe and used panel regression analysis in R software to examine factors influencing municipal waste recycling in Slovakia. The research tested two hypotheses: one linking the volume of municipal waste processing to population income levels in Slovakia and another suggesting that the Slovak deposit return system (DRS) model could be optimal for Ukraine because of similarities in consumer behavior and market conditions. The results confirm that higher income levels are associated with lower municipal waste production, reflecting the influence of lifestyle and consumer behavior. In Slovakia, material incentives and the cost of deposit packaging are crucial motivators for waste collection, especially given the relatively lower incomes than those of other European countries. The research highlights that collecting used beverage packaging is crucial for managing household waste and supporting a circular economy. Deposit return systems (DRSs) have proven effective in many EU countries and are gaining popularity. The Slovak DRS model, involving the widespread use of vending machines in retail stores and balanced incentives across the beverage supply chain, is effective and could serve as a model for Ukraine, as it aligns its systems with EU standards.

In all Western countries, the vaccination campaign against COVID-19 encountered some resistance. To overcome vaccine inertia and hesitancy, governments have used a variety of strategies and policy instruments. These instruments can be placed on a 'ladder of intrusiveness', starting from voluntary tools based on simple information and persuasion, through material incentives and disincentives of varying nature and magnitude, to highly coercive tools, such as lockdown for the unvaccinated and the introduction of the vaccination mandate. Italy's experience during the vaccination campaign against Covid provides an ideal observational point for starting to investigate this issue: not only was Italy among the top countries with the highest percentage of people vaccinated at the beginning of 2022, but—at least compared to other European countries—it was also one of the countries that had gradually introduced the most intrusive measures to increase vaccination compliance. In the article the different steps of the ‘intrusiveness ladder’ are presented, providing examples from various countries, and then tested on the Italian Covid-19 vaccination campaign between 2021 and the first months of 2022. For each phase of the campaign, the instrument mixes adopted by the Italian government are described, as well as the contextual conditions that led to their adoption. In the final section, an assessment of the composition and evolution of the Italian vaccination strategy is provided, based on the following criteria: legitimacy, feasibility, effectiveness, internal consistency and strategic coherence. Conclusions highlight the pragmatic approach adopted by the Italian government and underline the effects—both positive and negative—of scaling up the intrusiveness ladder.

The article is devoted to the study of legislative regulation of incentive measures applied to civil servants in the countries of Eastern Europe. A comparative analysis is conducted of legislative approaches to the legal regulation of incentives for civil servants in Bulgaria, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. The relevance of the research is determined by the ongoing reform of the civil service in Ukraine, aimed at enhancing its efficiency and professionalism, as well as the country’s European integration aspirations, which necessitates the study of the experience of European countries in this area. The study reveals a variety of approaches to the classification and types of incentives. Bulgaria’s legislation is limited to non-material forms of incentives (such as achievement certificates, badges of honour). In contrast, Romania and Poland prioritize material incentives (such as monetary bonuses and awards). A combined approach, incorporating both material and non-material incentives, is observed in the Czech Republic and Moldova. The legislation of Hungary and Slovakia is characterized by more general regulation: the sectoral laws of these countries merely declare the possibility of applying incentives without specifying their types or procedures for implementation. The study concludes that there is no unified approach to the legislative regulation of civil service incentives across Eastern European states. Differences are observed in terminology, classification of incentive types, and the role of material and non-material forms of incentives. In some countries, incentive measures are regulated in detail, while in others, the relevant provisions are of a general nature or not enshrined at all at the level of specialized state (civil, public) service laws. The article emphasizes the importance of taking into account the experience of Eastern European countries in the process of improving Ukraine’s legislation in the field of civil service, particularly with regard to incentives. An analysis of these approaches may contribute to the development of a more effective incentive system that reflects the specific characteristics of civil service in Ukraine.

On April 22nd, 2001, an important ecumenical event took place. Cardinal Vlk, president of the Council of European Bishops and Metropolite Jeremie, president of the Council of European Churches, signed an Ecumenical Charter. In this charter, they committed themselves and their member churches to mainly two points. First, they declared to try to get a deeper common understanding of God’s revelation and to work on a more visible unity of European Christianity. Second, they declared to work together for the salvation of Europe, i.e. a social, peaceful, tolerant Europe and to cooperate with other religions, mainly Judaism and Islam (cf. http://www.cec-kek.org). In the subsequent months, this charter was signed in several other European countries, although the Dutch cardinal and primate Simonis with a deep sigh expressed his doubts about its worth when he signed the agreement in 2002 (Sengers 2003a: 160). Being a scholar researching the economics of religion, it was the commitment expressed under II.2. in the declaration that struck me most. It states: “We commit ourselves 1. to discuss our plans for evangelization with other churches, entering into agreements with them and thus avoiding harmful competition and the risk of fresh divisions; 2. to recognize that every person can freely choose his or her religious and church affiliation as a matter of conscience, which means not inducing anyone to convert through moral pressure or material incentive, but also not hindering anyone from entering into conversion of his or her own free will“. It is with this text that the European churches –explicitly- refrain from competition. It is an agreement that when closed in the commercial sector would be subject to annulment by the European cartel agency.

textabstractOBJECTIVE These descriptive findings extend Holland's (2013) marriage typology by linking the timing of marriage, childbearing, and cohabitation, and apply it to a range of European countries and the United States. The meaning of marriage is organized around six ideal types: Direct Family-Forming, Post-Cohabitation Family-Forming, Conception-Related Legitimizing, Birth-Related Legitimizing, Reinforcing, and Capstone marriage. METHODS I present descriptive tabulations of data from the Harmonized Histories, covering 17 European countries and the United States, to highlight continuity and change in the context of marriage across the life course, cohorts, and countries. RESULTS Although smaller shares of women entered marriage at each age across cohorts, there is increasing diversity in the timing and context of marriage. Family-Forming marriage continues to be the majority marriage experience, but Direct Family-Forming marriage has declined and Post-Cohabitation Family-Forming marriage has increased in many contexts. Conception-Related Legitimizing marriages became more important in Central and Eastern Europe but less common in Western, Northern, and Anglo-Saxon countries. Limited evidence of growth in post-first-birth marriages suggests that childbearing intentions or a first conception continue to be important triggers for marriage, although this may be changing in Nordic, Anglo-Saxon, and some Western European countries. CONCLUSIONS While most people who marry do so prior to or in the absence of a first conception, increasingly marriage is not the first step in the family-building process. Still, for many women in diverse country contexts, marriage continues to be very closely linked to initiating childbearing.

Conclusion

The previous country chapters focused on the transformations of planning systems, mainly during the past two decades, highlighting a broad variety of planning practices between and within each system. At the very beginning of our comparative research (see Chapter 1), we set the initial hypothesis that we do not expect to find one dominant direction of change, but multiple trends of change and continuity that correspond to the different path-dependent and path-shaping practices prevailing in each country. The 12 country chapters in this book cover a variety of planning systems across Europe. At least two countries have been chosen to “represent” the four different “ideal types” or “planning traditions” identified in the EU Compendium (CEC, 1997): (1) comprehensive/integrated (Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Germany1); (2) regional-economic (Germany, France); (3) urbanism (Italy, Greece); and (4) land-use planning (Belgium/Flanders, UK). Three more countries that were not included in the EU Compendium in 1997 have been analyzed, focusing on the recent developments in eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Poland) and in a pre-accession country in south-eastern Europe (Turkey). Our primary intention was not to construct a new typology of planning systems with regard to the present situation, but to detect common and diverse trends of change and explain the inertia, rigidity and resilience of planning systems and practices, especially since the 1990s. Focusing on common and diverse trends of planning transformation, we can highlight hidden aspects of convergence and divergence, emphasizing the multiplicity of change and continuity. Whether or not these multiple trends of spatial planning transformation in the 12 examined EU countries reflect common patterns of change, either among all countries or among countries of the same ideal type (EU Compendium), is an open question to be answered on the basis of the comparative analysis of the country-specific findings. Following the structure of a methodological framework, we focus our comparative analysis on three main topics:1 problems, challenges and driving forces; 2 dimensions of change: objectives, planning modes and tools, scale, actors of change andpolicy/planning style; and 3 an evaluation of change and continuity.

The article presents a comparative study of the types of ethnic identity in conjunction with the styles of attachment in a couple and separation from the parental family of women who are in intercultural and monocultural marriages. The main sample consisted of 198 Russian women aged 21 to 55 years ( M = 36.1), including 84 women married to representatives of their own culture and living in Russia and 114 women married to representatives of the titular nationality of one of six European countries and living in the countries of their husbands. The study involved the following methods: “Multi-Item Measure of Adult Romantic Attachment - MIMARA”, adapted by T.L. Kryukova, O.A. Ekimchik; “Attachment to Close People Inventory” (N.V. Sabelnikova, D.V. Kashirsky); “Questionnaire of psychological separation” by J. Hoffman, adapted by T.Yu. Sadovnikova, V.P. Dzukaeva; and “Method for diagnosing types of ethnic identity” (G.U. Soldatova, S.V. Ryzhova). In general, the results of the study show that for women in interethnic marriages living in a foreign cultural environment, attachment to both their parents and husbands is more secure and positive, whereas the style of ethnic identity is more extreme and is associated with internal conflict. Women from intercultural marriages revealed different features of ethnic identity depending on the length of their marriage. It is shown that the style of ethnic identity is closely connected with attachment relationships. For women in monoethnic marriages living in their native country, it is more associated with separation from their parents but, for women in interethnic marriages living in a foreign country, it is to a greater extent associated with attachment to their husbands. In both cases, positive ethnic identity is associated with insecure attachment and dependence on their parents and husbands, while extreme forms of ethnic identity are associated with secure attachment and personal autonomy in relationships. The results of this study allow the specialists to take into account the specific social situation of interethnic couples more accurately in the course of psychological, social and other assistance to such couples, to develop constructive ways of discussing and maintaining cultural differences in the couple.

In postfeudal Europe, widely held and passionate antisemitism led to discriminatory legislation, physical attacks on Jews, and, on occasion, pogroms; however, until World War II, it never led to genocide. In the twentieth century, although every European state insisted on the monopoly of coercive power, no government until many years after the Nazis took power made the physical extermination of Jews a goal. Although the Holocaust was the work of the Germans, in the middle of the relatively stable 1920s, there was no more overt antisemitism in Germany than in most other countries of Europe. A crucial turning point on the road that led to the Holocaust took place in January 1933 when a group that would ultimately make killing Jews its central aim succeeded in capturing the machinery of the German state. The first step on the road to the Holocaust was Hitler's assumption of power. Fascism The ideology that drove the German National Socialist Party was a variety of fascism. The nature of fascism therefore has a decisively important role in our investigation of the history of Holocaust. Unfortunately it is not easy to find a definition of fascism that is acceptable to most observers. Unlike Marxism, socialism, and communism, fascism has not produced an ideological superstructure. This is hardly surprising because fascism almost by necessity was anti-intellectual. Asking for a fascist ideology was asking the fascists to be other than who they want to be. Any definition of fascism is therefore based on imagining an ideal type and describing it, and because reality is messy, no ideal type could ever satisfy all people concerned. Furthermore, unlike Marxism, which proudly claimed to be internationalist, the fascists passionately objected to internationalism and mythologized the national community, the uniqueness of the nation-state. It is therefore not surprising that the European states that we consider fascist greatly differed from each other, and consequently generalizations on the basis of individual examples are hazardous. Indeed, it is very much open to question whether it is proper to describe, for example, the authoritarian Spanish state under Francisco Franco or Romania under Ion Antonescu as “fascist.” As a result, historians have come up with a variety of definitions of fascism.

Social investment in Europe has primarily been measured by studying expenditure data from specific categories of social policy. This article argues that we need a more nuanced way of studying the presence of social investment, and develops a tool for measuring the ideational content of social investment in policy regulations. By operationalising three key policy dimensions of social investment; time, distribution and policy coherence, varying approaches of social investment are discerned, landing in the development of three ideal types: a strict social investment, a targeted social investment and a reactive social investment. To demonstrate its application, the social investment ideal-types are applied to cases of policies for unemployed youth in different European countries. The operationalisation and ideal types presented in this article provide a structure and nuance to the understanding and measuring of social investment, aiding in the further debate on its pros, cons and presence in European social policy.