Comparative Study Of The Performance Of Dabex And Anfo Explosives Based On Fragmentation And Its Influence On Blasting Costs

Effect of membrane performance including fouling on cost optimization in brackish water desalination process

The present study relates to modification of ammonium nitrate fuel oil mixture. For many years, ammonium nitrate fuel oil has been one of the most popular explosives for use in mining operations. Therefore, it is manufactured and used widely in large volume. Although ammonium nitrate is a relatively strong oxidation agent, it is insufficient to detonate by itself. Therefore, it is generally admixed with liquid fuel such as diesel and various modifiers. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and metal aluminium are typically used as additive. This paper studies ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) composition modified by biowaste dung as additive to generate efficient explosion and to result low cost blasting.The experiment results of modified ANFO with biowaste dung as additive illustrate that physical stability and absorption increased by 5% percent compared to regular ANFO. Also was revealed that average detonation brisance increased from 20.5 to 27.5 mm and detonation speed increased from 2300 to 3800 m/s compared to regular ANFO. This modified ANFO is lowered blasting cost from 50 to 150 tugriks per 1kg ANFO compared to aluminium and TNT additives.

Blasting in mining industry, including the blasting pattern (burden and spacing) and explosive selection, is substantial to retrieve the desired mining products. This study aims to identify the comparisons of economic calculations and fragmentation between ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil) and Bulk Emulsion explosives (BEE). The economic calculation measured the cost of explosives per unit of blasted material and the fragmentation result. The bulk emulsion cost equals the ANFO cost by extending the burden and spacing from 7 m to 8.33 m. The predicted average fragmentation of blasting using ANFO and BEE was 47 cm and 51 cm, respectively, so the percentage of fragmentation under 100 cm was 81.52% and 78.48%, respectively. Conclusively, blasting with BEE with an extended blasting pattern has demonstrated similar fragmentation distribution to that of ANFO.

In open-cast coal mining, blasting should be optimized. The efficiency of blast fragmentation must be improved in order to enable this. The sustainability of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) and Site Mixed Emulsion (SME) explosives is examined in this paper using a comprehensive framework that goes beyond conventional productivity metrics. The study evaluates 115 controlled blasts conducted at an operational open-cast coal mine in India using digital technologies like drone photogrammetry, artificial intelligence (AI)-based predictive modeling, and automated image analysis. Important performance indicators include the powder factor, fragmentation efficiency, and blast-induced ground vibrations (Peak Particle Velocity, PPV). The results showed that in dry geological conditions, ANFO works better than SME. For instance, the average D80 of ANFO is 230 mm instead of 280 mm, and its powder factor is 3.27 m 3 /kg, while the SME's is 2.00 m 3 /kg. Furthermore, the PPV values of ANFO blasts were lower. It has been discovered that the choice of explosives varies by location, and in certain situations, ANFO may be more effective and ecologically friendly. The study presents a technology-driven, integrated blasting framework that can support the global sustainable development goals agenda, increase productivity, and lessen environmental impact.

Rock fragmentation due to blasting depends upon many parameters. The properties of the explosive are one of them. In limestone quarries, ammonium nitrate–fuel oil (ANFO) or site mixed emulsion (SME) are generally used for rock fragmentation. Both these explosives cause substantial changes in the breakage mechanism of rockmass thereby affecting the fragmentation. This paper reports the effect of type of the explosive and blast hole diameter on the boulder count in limestone quarry blasting. In all, 264 blasts using ANFO or SME explosives have been conducted in nearby limestone quarries. The blasts have been conducted for 152 mm diameter and 115/100 mm blast holes. The analysis of the results indicates that the SME explosives are more suitable explosive in limestone quarries than ANFO for reducing the boulder count. SME has caused a reduction in generation of boulders for both 152 and 100 mm diameter blast holes when compared to ANFO. Moreover, the blasts with larger diameter blast holes charged with SME have resulted in less boulders than smaller diameter blast holes charged with the same explosive.

We studied seismic‐wave generation from five small (60–122 kg) fully contained explosions detonated in Barre Granite as a part of the New England Damage Experiment (NEDE). The explosions were conducted using three types of explosives with different velocities of detonation (VOD): black powder, ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) emulsion, and composition B (COMP‐B). Empirical evidence suggests that the low VOD explosives produce more shear‐wave energy than high VOD explosives. The proposed mechanisms to explain this effect include: (a) inhibition of gas‐driven fracture propagation by thicker pulverized zone for high VOD explosions, and (b) fracture toughness increase at higher loading rate. The main objective of the experiment was to study differences in shear‐wave generation between different types of explosives, and to determine the likely mechanism responsible for these differences. Seismic amplitude analysis revealed that COMP‐B releases more energy and larger amplitude P waves for the same weight of explosives, while producing smaller amplitude S waves. Furthermore, large radial cracks were observed on the surface after the ANFO and black powder shots, while there was no surface fracturing after the COMP‐B shots. Thus, longer fractures correlate with higher S ‐wave amplitudes. However, drilling into the source region indicates that high VOD explosions may actually produce a smaller pulverized zone, which means that fracture inhibition is a less plausible explanation. Therefore we hypothesize that increase in loading rate, in combination with shorter impulse duration for high VOD explosives, inhibits fracture processes, and subsequently reduced S ‐wave radiation.

The most commonly used explosives, for civil purposes, in construction and mining are Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) and explosive emulsions. Both are ammonium nitrate-based and detonate under the same chemical reaction between nitrate and mineral oil, given that the ANFO is composed of tiny grains of porous nitrate with diffused oil, and the emulsion is in the form of a liquid, continuous, viscous phase oily and the discontinuous aqueous phase. The study of parameters that measure explosive performance is fundamental to understanding the behavior of the explosion. Important parameters are the speed and pressure of detonation, the heat of the blast (energy), and the volume of gas produced. These properties help judge whether a particular explosive is convenient or not for the situation in question because, in some applications, high speed is required to increase the capacity of fragmentation, for example, when you want to fragment hard rocks. However, there is no need to fragment in some moments but to displace. Other properties, such as gas volume, become more relevant in such cases.

The most commonly used explosives, for civil purposes, in construction and mining are Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) and explosive emulsions. Both are ammonium nitrate-based and detonate under the same chemical reaction between nitrate and mineral oil, given that the ANFO is composed of tiny grains of porous nitrate with diffused oil, and the emulsion is in the form of a liquid, continuous, viscous phase oily and the discontinuous aqueous phase. The study of parameters that measure explosive performance is fundamental to understanding the behavior of the explosion. Important parameters are the speed and pressure of detonation, the heat of the blast (energy), and the volume of gas produced. These properties help judge whether a particular explosive is convenient or not for the situation in question because, in some applications, high speed is required to increase the capacity of fragmentation, for example, when you want to fragment hard rocks. However, there is no need to fragment in some moments but to displace. Other properties, such as gas volume, become more relevant in such cases. DOI: 10.56238/isevmjv1n2-008

The most commonly used explosives, for civil purposes, in construction and mining are Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) and explosive emulsions. Both are ammonium nitrate-based and detonate under the same chemical reaction between nitrate and mineral oil, given that the ANFO is composed of tiny grains of porous nitrate with diffused oil, and the emulsion is in the form of a liquid, continuous, viscous phase oily and the discontinuous aqueous phase. The study of parameters that measure explosive performance is fundamental to understanding the behavior of the explosion. Important parameters are the speed and pressure of detonation, the heat of the blast (energy), and the volume of gas produced. These properties help judge whether a particular explosive is convenient or not for the situation in question because, in some applications, high speed is required to increase the capacity of fragmentation, for example, when you want to fragment hard rocks. However, there is no need to fragment in some moments but to displace. Other properties, such as gas volume, become more relevant in such cases.

Due to the low manufacturing cost and ease of handling, ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO) is one of the most popular mining explosives. ANFO explosive is a typical representative of non-ideal explosives, which means that its detonation properties are strongly dependent on the charge diameter and the existence and properties of the confinement. In this work, the effect of different confining materials on the detonation properties of ANFO explosive is studied experimentally, and by hydrocode simulation by varying charge diameter, and the type and thickness of the confining materials. The results show that, along with the diameter of the charge, density and thickness of the confining material have a key impact on the detonation properties. An empirical confinement model, applicable in the range 0.3 < mC/mE < 15, is proposed. The model enables the estimation of detonation velocity of confined ANFO charges with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 14.25%.

“Optimal recovery” after colon cancer surgery in the elderly, a comparative cohort study: Conventional care vs. enhanced recovery vs. prehabilitation

“Optimal recovery” after colon cancer surgery in the elderly, a comparative cohort study: Conventional care vs. enhanced recovery vs. prehabilitation

Background: BAL is an important diagnostic method. The percentage of fluid extracted after instillation (recovery rate) has implications for following diagnostic tests. However, no reliable preprocedural predictors for a good recovery rate have been established. Therefore, we compared quantified airway parameters from CT with recovery rates to find possible predictive markers. Methods: Recovery rates and patient characteristics were retrospectively acquired from 33 routine procedures. Parenchyma and airway parameters were quantified in preprocedural CT. The bronchial tree was measured in five generations, acquiring eight airway parameters. Results: Significant correlations between airway parameters and recovery rate were found for CT parameters of the 3rd or 4th generation bronchus with highest values for percentage wall area (WA%, r=0.56; p 50%) and poor ( Conclusions: Quantified CT parameters, most notably WA% and bronchoscope diameter to inner bronchus diameter, have the potential to identify the ideal location and bronchoscope size for optimal BAL recovery rates in advance, warranting prospective evaluation.

Brazilian sugarcane production is converting from the traditional manual slash-and-burn to mechanized green cane harvest. The resulting sugarcane trash is mostly left on the field and plowed under at the end of a growth cycle, but it could also be recovered and used to increase the energy efficiency of ethanol. In this paper, we explore in a simulation study if straw recovery negatively impacts yields, fertilizer use, nutrient cycling, GHG emissions, and erosion; if there is an optimal recovery rate; and if different recovery rates are advisable for different soil types. We also compare the traditional slash-and-burn management to the green cane management system. Our results show that when performing straw recovery, trade-offs between different factors such as up to 1.3 t/ha lower yields or an up to 30 kg/ha higher demand for fertilizer N under low recovery rates, and higher erosion rates under high recovery rates have to be accepted. Most balanced would be a recovery rate of 40–60%, but the rate should also be adapted to soil type, with less recovery e.g. on soils prone to erosion, and to economic considerations. A comparison between green cane harvest without straw recovery and the traditional slash-and-burn method shows lower erosion rates and higher soil organic carbon contents, but also a higher fertilizer consumption due to nitrogen immobilization on areas under green cane management. Due to these trade-offs, one method cannot be unequivocally commended over the other.

Iron sand is a deposit along the coast formed from the weathering of rocks containing iron minerals, such as in Galesong Beach, Takalar, South Sulawesi. Its utilization is still minimal due to the lack of knowledge of its content and properties, so it is necessary to increase the content to obtain optimal recovery before being processed into useful products. This study aims to analyze the geochemistry of iron sand with XRF and XRD, determine the optimal recovery, and the best drum rotation speed on a magnetic separator for its processing. The method of increasing the content of iron sand uses magnetic concentration. The results of the XRD analysis show that the iron sand sample is composed of minerals such as Orthoclase (KALSi3O8), Magnetite (Fe3O4), Quartz (SiO2), Iron ore (Fe2O3), Kaolinite (Al2O9Si2). The results of the XRF analysis have Fe2O3 = 23.40%, SiO2 = 38.38%, Al2O3 = 25.92%, CaO = 7.16 %, TiO2 = 2.60 %, and K2O, MnO, V2O5, Cr2O3, ZrO, SrO, ZnO, P2O5 each below 1%. The iron ore (Fe2O3) content of the concentrate product at each drum rotation speed is 45.11 %, 43.06 % and 64.16 % with recovery values of 75.19 %, 69.18 % and 97.16 %. The percentage of Fe2O3 content and the most optimal recovery rate are obtained at a rotation speed of 600 rpm