Comparative study of Green Gram on Integrated Nutrient Management related to Growth and Physiological Efficiency in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)

Greengram is scientifically known as (Vigna radiata L.) and commonly known as mung bean. India is the producer of pulses, accounting for 27 per cent of the world's production. Sulphur is also a constituent of vitamin biotin and thiamine, and also of iron-Sulphur protein ferredoxin. Potassium (K) is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth and vital for sustaining modern high-yield agriculture. The paper aims to investigate the effect of potassium and Sulphur on the growth and yield of Greengram (Vigna radiata L.). A field experiment was conducted during the Zaid season of 2025 at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, U.P., India. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with ten treatments and replicated thrice. The observations were recorded for plant height, number of branches per plant, number of nodules per plant, plant dry weight, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, pods per plant, seeds per pod, test weight, 0-grain yield and straw yield. The factors are Potassium (10, 20 and 30 kg/ha) and Sulphur (5, 10 and 15 kg/ha) along with a control (NPK 20-40-20 kg/ha). The result of the experiment showed that the application of T9: Potassium at 30 kg/ha. + Sulphur at 15 Kg/ha significantly The highest application rates of Potassium and Sulphur (T9) resulted in significant increases across all measured growth and yield parameters compared to the control, Plant dry weight (25.87), Crop growth rate (18.74), Relative growth rate (0.03), No of Pods/ plant (21.47), No of seeds/pod (7.30), Test Weight (62.30), Grain Yield (1.82), Straw Yield (3.24), Harvest Index (35.95). Maximum gross return (INR/ha 152080), Net return (112897.02), and B:C ratio (2.88) were obtained highest in treatment 9 (Potassium at 30 kg/ha+ Sulphur at 15 kg/ha). It is concluded that application of Potassium at 30 Kg/ha +Sulphur at 15 kg/ha has performed better in growth parameters, yield attributes, and benefit cost ratio of Greengram.

Background: Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important pulse crops in India. It is a protein rich staple food which contains about 25 percent protein; It belongs to family leguminaceae so it has the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Soil application of nutrients is often not enough to meet the growing crop demand particularly in short duration crop like greengram. Therefore, it is hypothesized that foliar nutrition in addition to soil application in commensuration with prevailing weather particularly rainfall will go a long way in meeting crop nutrient need and thereby may help in enhancing poductivity. Foliar application of nutrients using water soluble fertilizer is on the possible ways to enhance the productivity of pulses like greengram. The importance of foliar application of micronutrients i.e., Zinc is essential for enzymes that are involved in many metabolic reactions, necessary for chlorophyll production and for starch formation aids in seed formation. Iron is essential for maintainance of chlorophyll and also an essential component of haemoglobin molecule. Manganese has a role of formation of plants naturally occurring antifungal compounds helping to fight disease infection. It is involved in the enzyme the growth may have biological reactions in plant tissue. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during Zaid season 2019-2020 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, (U.P.) India. To study the “Effect of foliar applied micronutrient on growth and yield of Greengram (Vigna radiata L.)”. The present investigation was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) consisted of 9 treatments replicated thrice. Result: The results revealed that the maximum growth attributes such as plant height (42.42 cm), dry matter accumulation (113.39 g/m2) and crop growth rate (1.69 g/m2/day) was recorded with RDF + Fe 0.5% + Zn 0.5% + Mn 0.5% at 30 DAS, whereas maximum number of nodules/plant (11) was recorded with RDF+ Fe 0.5% at 30 DAS. However, higher yield and yield attributes i.e. Number of pods/plant (58.40), Number of grains/pod (9.73), 1000 grain weight (38.38 g), seed yield (1384.33) kg/ha, stover yield (2253.33) kg/ha and harvest index (42.44 %) was recorded with RDF + Fe 0.5% + Zn 0.5% + Mn 0.5% at 30 DAS. Similarly, higher Net returns (Rs 59912/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.51) was also recorded with RDF + Fe 0.5% + Zn 0.5% + Mn 0.5% at 30 DAS as compared to control (RDF + water spray).

Field experiments were conducted during pre kharif 2010, 2011 and 2012 to study the effects of phosphorus and sulphur on yield parameters, yield, nodulation and nutrient uptake of green gram. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications having eight treatment combinations viz. four levels of sulphur (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg ha-1) as factor A and two levels of phosphorous (30 and 60 kg ha-1) as factor B. Experimental results revealed that yield attributing characters and seed yield of green gram were significantly influenced by phosphorus, sulphur and interaction effects of these two factors. Application of higher dose of phosphorus (60 kg ha-1) and increasing levels of sulphur up to 40 kg ha-1proved to be the best in improving the yield attributing characters and seed yield (1.62t ha-1)of green gram. Sulphur applied beyond 40 kg ha-1could not increase the parameters further. Application of sulphur 20 kg ha-1 significantly increased the active nodule no. and nodule dry weight of green gram and there after applied S beyond 20 kg ha-1the mean nodule production reached a more or less plateau pattern and application of lower dose of phosphorus without sulphur drastically reduced the nodule dry weight. Interaction of higher dose of phosphorus and higher dose S found to have a negative impact on yield. Application of varying levels of phosphorus and sulphur significantly improved the nutrient uptake by green gram in a sulphur deficient soil. Sulphur acted synergistically with nitrogen and increased the uptake of other nutrients. Application of 60 kg P205 ha-1 and 40 kg Sha-1 proved to be most economic in green gram with NPV 4.59.

A field experiment was conducted during 2019-20 and 2020-21 to study the effect of nutrient management and rice establishment methods on biochemical, physiological attributes, yield and economics of rice in rice–groundnut cropping system in coastal Odisha. The experimental field was laid out in factorial randomised block design during Kharif and in split-plot design during Rabi with three replications. Six treatment combinations comprising two rice establishment methods viz., direct seeded rice (DSR) and transplanted rice (TPR) and three nutrient management practices, viz., inorganic source, organic source and integrated nutrient management (INM) in rice during Kharif were allotted to the main-plots. Three nutrient management practices to groundnut viz., 75% soil test based fertiliser, STBF (inorganic), 100% STBF (inorganic) and INM during Rabi were allotted to the sub-plots. The results of the study revealed that DSR recorded significantly higher plant height, tillers m-2, leaf temperature, net returns (Rs. 39121 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.68). The TPR was superior in terms of total chlorophyll content, dry matter production, panicles m-2, panicle weight, grains panicle-1, 1000-seed weight, leaf area index (LAI), light transmission ratio (LTR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) resulting in yield improvement of 3.3% over DSR. The INM practice was superior to other nutrient management approaches in total chlorophyll content, dry matter production and its partitioning into panicle (62.5%), panicles m-2, grains panicle-1, 1000-seed weight, LAI and leaf temperature, which resulted in 13.3 and 15.2% higher grain yield than inorganic and organic source of nutrient management, respectively. The INM treatment also recorded higher plant height, tillers m-2, crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth rate (RGR), net returns (Rs. 56246 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.89). Organic sources recorded higher NAR, RGR, panicle weight, but had the lowest dry matter accumulation and net returns.

A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of sowing windows and nutrient management over two consecutive Summer seasons (2022-23 and 2023-24) at the Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University. The treatments consisted of four sowing windows for greengram D1: 1st Sowing (8th March and 14th March), D2: 2nd Sowing (15th March and 21st March), D3: 3rd Sowing (22nd March and 28th March), D4: 4th Sowing (29th March and 4th April) in 2022-23 and 2023-24, respectively and five nutrient management practices N1: 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (15, 40, 20 kg NPK ha-1), N2: 70% RDF+ 15% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through Poultry manure + Consortia of biofertilizers @ 10 ml kg-1 seeds, N3: 70% RDF+ 15% RDN through Poultry manure + Panchagavya @ 30 ml L-1 (2-spray), N4: 70% RDF+ 15% RDN through Poultry manure + Seaweed extract @ 2 ml L-1 (2-spray), N5: 70% RDF+15% RDN through Poultry manure + Consortia of biofertilizers @ 10 ml kg-1 seeds + Panchagavya @ 30 ml L-1 & Seaweed extract @ 2 ml L-1 both as tank mix (2-spray) thereby making twenty treatment combinations were tested in split plot design with three replications. Results revealed that the crop sown on March 8 and March 14 over two consecutive years yielded higher plant height (41.3 and 42.4 cm at harvest), number of primary branches plant-1 (5.60 and 5.74 at harvest), absolute growth rate (AGR) (g day-1), crop growth rate (CGR) (g m-2 land area day-1), relative growth rate (RGR) (g g-1 day-1), net assimilation rate (NAR) (g m-2 day-1) and grain yield (982 and 998 kg ha-1). Furthermore, under nutrient management application of 70% RDF+15% RDN through Poultry manure + Consortia of biofertilizers @ 10 ml kg-1 seed + Panchagavya @ 30 ml L-1 & Seaweed extract @ 2 ml L-1 both as tank mix (2-spray) exhibited significantly higher in growth parameters such as plant height (40.0 and 41.2 cm at harvest), number of primary branches plant-1 (5.60 and 5.78 at harvest), CGR (g m-2 land area day-1), RGR (g g-1 day-1) and grain yield (940 and 959 kg ha-1). This research contributes valuable insights in optimizing sowing windows and nutrient management for enhanced growth and productivity of greengram (Vigna radiata L.).

A field experiment was carried out through the growth season 2022 at Zaid Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). To Study the effect of Zinc and Salicylic acid on improve growth green gram (Vigna radiata L) in sandy loam. The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.1), low in organic carbon (0.36 %), available N (171.48 kg/ha), available P (15.2 kg/ha) and available K (232.5 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out on Randomized Block Design with nine treatments each replicated thrice on the basis of one year experimentation. The treatments which are T1: Zn (75PPM) + Salicylic acid (100PPM), T2: Zn (75PPM) + Salicylic acid (150PPM), T3: Zn (75PPM) + Salicylic acid (200PPM), T4: Zn (100PPM) + Salicylic acid (100PPM), T5: Zn (100PPM) + Salicylic acid (150PPM), T6: Zn (100PPM) + Salicylic acid (200PPM), T7: Zn (125PPM) + Salicylic acid (100PPM), T8: Zn (125PPM) + Salicylic acid (150PPM), T9: Zn (125PPM) + Salicylic acid (200PPM) are used. The results showed that treatment T9- Zn (125PPM) + Salicylic acid (200PPM). Result was recorded significantly higher growth parameters i.e. Plant height (35.14 cm), Plant dry weight (6.64 g/plant) and Crop growth rate (2.99 g/m2/day). However, yield attributes and yield parameters like No. of Pods/plant (21.22), No. of seeds/pod (11.35), Test weight (34.04 g), Seed yield (1100.97 kg/ha), straw yield (4471.00 kg/ha) were affected with the treatment T9- Zn (125PPM) + Salicylic acid (200PPM) than other treatments. Higher gross returns (Rs. 82572.75/ha), net return (Rs. 56228.32/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.13) was obtained in the treatment T9- Zn (125PPM) + Salicylic acid (200PPM) as compared to other treatments.

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, Rajasthan, during the Kharif 2022 to assess the impact of different levels of potassium and stress-mitigating chemicals on mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Treatments comprised of potassium doses of 20, 30 and 40 kg K2O/ha with a control and stressmitigating chemicals [KNO3 @ 100 ppm, thioglycolic acid @ 100 ppm and kinetin @ 50 ppm and control]. Data showed that application of 40 kg K2O/ha significantly increased plant height, dry matter accumulation and plant growth indices, viz. crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area index (LAI) over control and 20 kg K2O/ha. However, it was at par to 30 kg K2O/ha in terms of RGR and NAR. Further, foliar sprays of TGA @ 100 ppm at 30 and 45 days after sowing significantly improved plant height and dry matter accumulation at 50 DAS and maturity, CGR, RGR and NAR at 25–50 DAS and LAI at 50 DAS over control and KNO3 @ 100 ppm while it remained on par with kinetin @ 50 ppm. The highest net returns (`61,554 and 62,543) and B:C ratio (3.16 and 3.40) were also recorded by application of 40 kg K2O/ha and foliar spray of TGA @ 100 ppm, respectively. Hence, application of 40 kg K2O/ha and two foliar sprays of TGA @ 100 ppm at 30 and 45 days after sowing may be recommended to achieve higher growth and profitability of mungbean.

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, Rajasthan, during the Kharif 2022 to assess the impact of different levels of potassium and stress-mitigating chemicals on mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Treatments comprised of potassium doses of 20, 30 and 40 kg K2O/ha with a control and stressmitigating chemicals [KNO3 @ 100 ppm, thioglycolic acid @ 100 ppm and kinetin @ 50 ppm and control]. Data showed that application of 40 kg K2O/ha significantly increased plant height, dry matter accumulation and plant growth indices, viz. crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area index (LAI) over control and 20 kg K2O/ha. However, it was at par to 30 kg K2O/ha in terms of RGR and NAR. Further, foliar sprays of TGA @ 100 ppm at 30 and 45 days after sowing significantly improved plant height and dry matter accumulation at 50 DAS and maturity, CGR, RGR and NAR at 25–50 DAS and LAI at 50 DAS over control and KNO3 @ 100 ppm while it remained on par with kinetin @ 50 ppm. The highest net returns (`61,554 and 62,543) and B:C ratio (3.16 and 3.40) were also recorded by application of 40 kg K2O/ha and foliar spray of TGA @ 100 ppm, respectively. Hence, application of 40 kg K2O/ha and two foliar sprays of TGA @ 100 ppm at 30 and 45 days after sowing may be recommended to achieve higher growth and profitability of mungbean.

The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design, during the pre-rainy season of 2018 and 2019 at ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hills Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, to study the effect of biochar and integrated nutrient management practices on agro-physiological performance and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.). comprising 4 treatments, viz. B1 , (Control); B2 , (5 t/ha biochar); B3 , (10 t/ha biochar); B4 , (15 t/ha biochar) in factor A and factor B having 3 integrated nutrient-management (INM) practices NM1 [(100% recommended, viz. dose of nitrogen (RDN)]; NM2 [(75% RDN + 25% FYM)]; NM3 (50% RDN + 50% FYM), in 3 replications. The results showed that an application of biochar @ 15 t/ha resulted in significantly higher plant height (171.4 and 177.1 cm) and dry-matter accumulation (393.1 and 401.5 g/plant) at harvesting stage, leaf area index (LAI) at 60 days after sowing (4.78 and 4.85) and 90 days after sowing (DAS) (5.45 and 5.52), crop-growth rate (CGR) at 30–60 days after sowing (37.3 and 38 g/m2/day). This treatment also resulted in significantly higher kernel/cob (267.8 and 275.8), rows/cob (20.7 and 21), kernel/row (19.9 and 21.8), kernel (4.43 and 4.49 t/ha) and stover yield (7.02 and 7.07 t/ha), total nitrogen uptake (141.8 and 140.4 kg/ha), total phosphorus uptake (23.8 and 23.6 kg/ha), total potassium uptake (115.9 and 114 kg/ha) and gross returns (102,664 and 104,023 `/ha) in 2018 and 2019 as compared to the other treatments. In the case of INM practices, significantly higher plant height (161.6 cm) and drymatter accumulation at the harvesting stage (367.2 g/plant), leaf area index at 60 days after sowing (4.60) and 90 days after sowing (5.23), crop growth rate (34 g/m2 /day) at 30–60 days after sowing, kernels/cob (234.9), rows/cob (18.4), kernel/row (19.0), kernel (4.15 t/ha) and stover yield (6.56 t/ha), total nitrogen uptake (125.6 kg/ha), total phosphorus uptake (21.4 kg/ha), total potassium uptake (100.7 kg/ha) and gross return (95,931 `/ha) were noticed under 75% RDN + 25% FYM during the first year, while during the second year significantly higher plant height (167.6 cm) and dry-matter accumulation at harvesting stage (375.7 g/plant), leaf area index at 60 days after sowing (4.69) and 90 days after sowing (5.31), crop growth rate (35.2 g/m2 /day) at 30–60 days after sowing, kernels/ cob (241.0), rows/cob (18.7), kernel/row (20.8), kernel (4.25 t/ha) and stover yield (6.63 t/ha), total nitrogen uptake (125.1 kg/ha), total phosphorus uptake (21.5 kg/ha) and total potassium uptake (99.1 kg/ha) were recorded under 50% RDN + 50% FYM than the control, but gross returns (95,931 `/ha) were noticed under 75% RDN + 25 FYM. The best alternative choice for maize production in the India Himalayan area or other similar ecoregions may be the use of biochar @ 15 t/ha together with the concomitant application of 50% RDN + 50% FYM.

Crops need large quantity of potassium for enhancing their yield as well as quality. Pulses are important crops grown in India but their productivity is low. Among production inputs, recommendations for N and P fertilizers are made in most states with no K application resulting in imbalanced nutrient supply and lower crop yields.To quantify optimum dose for green gram ( Vigna radiata L.), a series of field experiments were conducted at Regional Research Station, CCS HAU, Bawal, Haryana, to assess the response of green gram to fertilizer potassium on coarse textured (Typic Haplustepts) soils of southern Haryana. After completion of research trials, crop was tested on farmer’s field through demonstrations and on farm trials (OFTs) to evaluate the response and adoptability of green gram as per the fertilizer potassium doses concluded in research experiment. Five levels of fertilizer potassium (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg K2O ha-1) were evaluated for the response of green gram in randomized block design replicated thrice. The results of research trials revealed that the yield, protein content and growth parameters of green gram increased significantly with the application of fertilizer potassium @20 kg K2O ha-1. Significantly higher yield of green gram was recorded (5.87, 16.29, 19.23 and 22.36 %) due to application of 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg K2O ha-1, respectively over control. The total K uptake by green gram increased significantly with the incremental doses of potassium application which helped to prevent the depletion of available soil K and build-up its content in the soil. The mean K use efficiency varied from 38.30 to 54.15 and maximum (54.15 %) was recorded with the application of 20 kg K2O ha-1. The benefit cost ratio was also increased with the application of potassium and reflected in terms of additional returns per rupee (Rs. 10.94, 15.63, 12.17 and 10.72) invested on application of K @ 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg K2O ha-1, respectively. The farmer’s field trial results with 0 and 20 kg K2O ha-1 revealed that application of 20 kg K2O ha-1 increased the yield of green gram by 10.87% over control.

The field experiment titled “Effect of zinc and thiourea fertilizer at different stages for growth and yield of green gram” was conducted during Zaid - 2023 at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) India. To study the Response of zinc and thiourea fertilizer at different stages for growth and yield of green gram. The soil of experimental plot was sandy loamy in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.8), low in organic carbon (0.35%). The treatments consist of three levels of Zinc – 2.5 kg/ha, Zinc – 4.0 kg/ha, Zinc – 5.5 kg/ha. Three levels of Thiourea, Thiourea (500 ppm), Thiourea (500 ppm)- 30 DAS, Thiourea (500 ppm)- 45 DAS. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with ten treatments each replicated thrice. Results revealed that the higher plant height (38.32 cm), higher number of nodules (23.55), higher plant dry weight (9.93 g/plant), higher crop growth rate (9.17 g/m2/day) higher number of pods/plant (22.88), higher number of seeds/pod (10.06), higher test weight (34.23 gm), higher seed yield (1222.69 kg/ha) and higher stover yield (2006.02 kg/ha) were significantly influenced with application of Zinc 5.5 kg/ha+ Thiourea (500 ppm) – 45 DAS. Higher gross return (94758.22 INR/ha), higher net return (65643.22 INR/ha) and higher B:C ratio (2.25) were also recorded in treatment-9 Zinc 5.5 kg/ha + Thiourea (500 ppm) – 45 DAS.

The research study titled Economic benefits of application of NPK, fermented organic manures and mycorrhiza on yield and production of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) Var. PDM-139." was conducted during the Zaid season of 2023 at the Central Research Farm, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. The experimental layout followed a 3x3 Randomized Block Design (RBD), incorporating three levels of fermented organic manure (0%, 50%, and 100%), Mycorrhiza (0%, 50%, and 100%), and N, P, K at the Recommended Dose of Fertilizers (RDF). The variety chosen was PDM-139, which was released by the State Variety Release Committee (SVRC) of Uttar Pradesh in 1974. The recorded average yield ranged from 6 to 9 quintals per hectare. The response of total seed yield of green gram recorded as influenced by different levels NPK, fermented organic manure and mycorrhizal inoculation. The seed yield of green gram was found to be increased significantly with the increase in levels of NPK, fermented organic manure and mycorrhizal inoculation. The maximum seed yield was recorded as 16.42 (q ha-1) T9 (NPK@RDF + M2@ 10Kg ha-1 50% + F2@ 50 l ha-1 50%) which was higher than any other treatment combination and the minimum seed yield was recorded as 8.76 (q ha-1) in T1 (control). However, as for the economy of different treatments is concerned, the treatment T9 (NPK@RDF + M2@ 10Kg ha-1 50% + F2@ 50 l ha-1 100%) provide highest net profit of ₹ 68139.13 ha-1 with highest cost benefit ratio is 1:1.605.

The present investigation entitled “Effect of spacing and biofertilizer on growth and yield of greengram (Vigna radiata)”, was conducted during the Kharif season of 2022 at the Crop Research Farm of the Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj. The experiment with nine treatments and three replications was laid down in factorial randomized block design. The results showed that pre harvest observations like plant height (42.04cm), dry weight (6.79 g), number of branches (6.18) of plant were higher in T3 i.e. Application of Rhizobium and PSB along with the spacing of 30x10 cm, Number of nodules per plant (6.62) was higher in treatment 2 i.e. Application of PSB along with the spacing of 30x10 cm and the value of the treatment. Post-harvest data indicated that the number of pods/plant (23.74), number of seeds/pod (7.72), test weight (41.30 g), seed yield (1.69 t/ha), biological yield (5.61 t/ha), stover yield (3.83 t/ha) and harvest index (33.37%) were higher in treatment 3 i.e. Application of Rhizobium and PSB along with the spacing of 30x10 cm. The maximum cost of production and gross return was recorded higher under treatment 3 i.e. Application of Rhizobium and PSB along with the spacing of 30x10 cm is INR. 36500/ha and INR. 88500/ha, respectively. The net return (INR. 12500/ha) and B:C Ratio (2:4) was recorded higher under treatment 3 i.e. Application of Rhizobium and PSB along with the spacing of 30x10 cm.

A field investigation was carried out during kharif season at Crop Research Centre-1, School of Agriculture, ITM University to study the effects of nano fertilizers and various nutrient sources on the growth and growth parameters of maize. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The experiment consists of twelve treatments viz., T1- Control, T2 - 100 % RDF through chemical fertilizer (120:60:30 NPK kg ha-1), T3 - 100 % RDF through chemical fertilizer + nano fertilizer @ 1 g l-1 of water, T4 -100 % RDF through chemical fertilizer + nano fertilizer @ 1.5 g l-1 of water, T5- 100 % RDF through chemical fertilizer + nano fertilizer @ 2 g l-1 of water, T6 - 100 % RDF through chemical fertilizer + nano fertilizer @ 2.5 g l-1 of water, T7-125 % RDF through chemical fertilizer, T8- 75% chemical fertilizer + 25% vermicompost, T9- 75% chemical fertilizer + 25% vermicompost + nano fertilizer @ 1 g l-1 of water, T10 - 75% chemical fertilizer + 25% vermicompost + nano fertilizer @ 1.5 g l-1 of water, T11- 75% chemical fertilizer + 25% vermicompost + nano fertilizer @ 2 g l-1 of water, T12 - 75% chemical fertilizer + 25% vermicompost + nano fertilizer @ 2.5 g l-1 of water. The results of the experiment revealed that application 75% chemical fertilizer + 25% vermicompost + nano fertilizer @ 1g l-1 of water significantly influenced the growth attributes. This treatment recorded higher values of growth parameters like plant height of green leaves, leaf area per plant, dry matter accumulation, Leaf area index, Crop growth rate, and Relative growth rate The lowest values were recorded in the control.

This experiment was carried out for two consecutive years (2020 and 2021) during Kharif season at Student’s Instructional Farm (SIF) of Department of Agronomy, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India to assess the effect of Farm Yard Manure (FYM), phosphorus levels and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on growth and yield of Green gram with variety Shweta (K.M. 2241) was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) and replicated thrice. This experiment included 20 treatment combinations, the levels of FYM viz., control (F0), 1.0 t (F1), 2.0 t (F2) and 3.0 t (F3) and levels of phosphorus viz., PSB only (P1), 20 kg P2O5 (P2), 20 kg P2O5 + PSB (P3), 40 kg P2O5 (P4) and 40 kg P2O5 + PSB (P5). The result of this study showed the interaction effect of FYM, phosphorous & PSB were non-significant. In the different levels of FYM, the 3.0 tons ha-1 FYM resulted in significantly higher growth attributes viz., plant height (40.60cm) at maturity, No. of branches plant-1 (4.95) at maturity, number of nodules plant-1 (24.85) at 60 DAS and dry weight of nodules plant-1 (14.34g) at 60 DAS, yield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1 (14.70), weight of pod plant-1 (7.44g), pod length (6.55cm) , and test weight (41.36g), yield viz. grain or seed yield (894kg ha-1) and quality parameters viz., protein content (23.90%), protein yield (214kg ha-1), nutrient contents i.e. nutrients uptake by grain and straw of Green gram compared to other treatments and control. Among the different levels of phosphorous & PSB, 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 + PSB resulted the highest values of growth attributes viz., plant height (38.54cm) at maturity, No. of branches plant-1 (4.52) at maturity, number of nodules plant-1 (23.19) at 60 DAS and dry weight of nodules plant-1 (13.42g) at 60 DAS, yield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1 (13.99), weight of pod plant-1 (6.57g), pod length (6.35cm), and test weight (40.85g), yield viz. grain or seed yield (825 kg ha-1), and quality parameters viz., protein content (23.84%), protein yield (197kg ha-1), nutrient contents i.e. nutrients uptake by grain and straw. Thus, it is possible to maximize the growth attributes, yield attributes, yield and quality of Green gram with application 3.0 tons ha-1 FYM and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 + PSB.